Fibrous Agricultural Biomass as a Potential Source for Bioconversion to Vanillic Acid

Table 3

Ferulic acid content in lignin-free liquor produced from six different biomasses through alkaline and organosolv treatment at 120°C for an hour (; ).

Biomass	Concentration (mg L^−1)		Yield (mg g^−1 biomass; d.b.)
	Organosolv treatment	Alkaline treatment	Organosolv treatment	Alkaline treatment
EFB	12.93 ± 2.72^aB	11.53 ± 1.88^aB	0.65 ± 0.14^aB	0.58 ± 0.09^aB
CCF	3.49 ± 0.64^aA	3.29 ± 0.35^aA	0.17 ± 0.03^aA	0.16 ± 0.02^aA
PP	228.83 ± 8.96^aE	201.89 ± 18.38^aE	5.72 ± 0.22^aD	5.05 ± 0.46^aD
PCL	123.94 ± 16.59^aD	119.99 ± 11.32^aD	3.10 ± 0.42^aC	3.00 ± 0.28^aC
KBF	2.80 ± 0.93^aA	2.92 ± 0.39^aA	0.14 ± 0.05^aA	0.15 ± 0.02^aA
KCF	30.98 ± 1.81^aC	30.18 ± 1.99^aC	0.78 ± 0.05^aB	0.76 ± 0.05^aB

(a) EFBF: palm oil empty fruit bunch fiber; CCF: coconut coir fiber; PP: pineapple peel; PCL: pineapple crown leaves; KBF: kenaf bast fiber; KCF: kenaf core fiber.
(b) a: the same alphabets in the same row represent that there are no significant differences between the mean values of the different treatments ().
(c) A–E: different alphabets in the same column represent that there are significant differences between the mean values of the different biomasses ().