Abstract
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence of selected cutting parameters (speed of rotation and feed rate) on the surface topography of drilled WPC material. Objective of the study is to establish dependence of the surface roughness of borehole walls (parameter —average maximum height) on the speed of rotation and feed rate of a drill bit. Technological parameters of experimental drilling were feed rate of 100–300 mm·min−1 and speed of rotation of 2000–6000 rpm.
1. Introduction
In the field of composite materials reinforced with natural fibers the following ways of machining are preferred.(i)Milling. Study [1] is one of the first published works, which are focused on wear of milling tools in technology of circumferential milling of commercially acquired WPC materials and comparative samples (classic wood). The author registered higher wear of tools when machining WPCs in comparison to machining of wood. He assumes that the increased wear of tools for machining WPCs was due to their composition and modified properties. Type of a matrix used in the production of composites represents an important factor affecting the quality of machined surfaces.(ii)Cutting. The publication [2] describes the relationship between the speed of cutting when sawing and the quality of machined surfaces of three samples of WPCs with a different matrix (PE/PP/PVC) + rice hull flour. The experimental results show that the spindle speed has a significant effect on the surface quality of the machined samples. The advantage of using a high cutting speed in sawing WPCs is evident.(iii)Turning. The publications [3, 4] describe the quality of machined surfaces after turning with a monolithic HSS tool when changing the feed rate of machining (at a constant cutting speed and depth of cut). It is recommended to use the tools with a large radius of curvature and lower feed rates.(iv)Drilling. In recent years there have been a large number of studies focused on evaluation of the effects that input cutting parameters have on achieved quality of holes. Study [5] assessed the quality of boreholes in composite material with PE matrix and hemp fiber reinforcement (density of 1350 kgm−3 and module of 3.25 GPa, prepared with a use of hand lay-up process). The authors recommend the use of higher cutting speeds and lower values of feeds for achieving minimal damage to the holes (regarding maintaining the roundness of the holes). In [6] the so-called “green” materials are machined (composites reinforced by bamboo and Japanese cedar fibers). The thrust force (its effect on quality of the holes), chip forming, and tool wear are evaluated in this study.
Based on analysis of present state of the problematic and study of research and scientific publications, it can be stated that nowadays there are no available quality and relevant scientific outputs from the area of monitoring the topography of machined wood plastic composites. In the light of this, this paper is presented focusing on experimental study of surface topography after machining-drilling at exactly designed experimental conditions (technological parameters such as feed rate and spindle speed, which are regarded in whole experiment as variable and other influences on the experiment are considered as constant because experiment was carried out at the same conditions and with the same tools, machines, and devices).
2. Materials and Methods
In the experiment samples of natural fiber reinforced composite were used. The material consists of HDPE matrix reinforced with wood fibers or chips (more than 75% vol.). Machined profile (with dimensions of 60 × 40 × 3600 mm) was manufactured by extrusion technology. Mechanical properties of the composite are given in Tables 1 and 2. The ultimate tensile strength (Table 1) was determined according to ISO 6892-1, with a constant load speed of 0.015 mms−1. The ultimate bending strength was determined using the three-point bending test (Table 2) according to ISO 178-1, with a constant load speed of 0.08 mms−1. The test samples were cut out from the middle part of the profile in direction parallel to the axis of extrusion. A microscopic image of the material structure before machining is shown in Figure 1. The material contains microcracks mostly localized in the contact area of wood and plastic. The length of microcracks ranges from 20 μm to 4 mm. Some cracks pass even through the wood chips in the direction of their longitudinal axis. Cracks are unevenly distributed throughout the volume of the material. Orientation of wood particles follows the flow of the polymer.
Two types of drill bits made of high-speed steel (HSS) without any unusual additives of alloy components (DIN 338) were used for drilling of tested samples:(i)drill bit number 1—with TiN coating;(ii)drill bit number 2—without coating, with surface finish—blackening.The drill bits had the same diameter of 9.0 mm, working length of mm, apical angle of the point of , and helix angle of .
The three-axis vertical machining centre Pinnacle VMC650S was used as a working machine. The frame saw ERGONOMIC 275.230 DG was used to cut samples with required dimensions of 230 mm. The process of cutting and drilling was realized without using process fluids (drilled holes—passable, deep drill strategy). Technological parameters of the cutting process are shown in Table 3.
3. Results and Discussion
For each configuration of the drilling system, three boreholes were made (Figure 2). To measure the parameter of surface roughness the MITUTOYO SJ-400 device was used with contact operation with the automatic compensation of radius and inclination, with an evaluation length of mm (filter profile mm). Before the measurement, the samples were cut in the axis parallel to holes (Figure 3). The surface roughness was measured at the distance of 20 mm from the beginning of the hole on the right and left sides, with repeating 3 times. The values used in graphs in Figures 4 and 5 represent arithmetic averages of 3 measurements of the right and left sides of marginal and inner holes.
(a) Tool 1: HSS + TiN
(b) Tool 1: HSS + TiN
(a) Tool 2: HSS
(b) Tool 2: HSS
The following is description of graphic representations and linear dependence equations.(i)HSS Drill Bit with TiN Coating (Tool 1). At the constant feed rate of mmmin−1 the values of parameter rise with increasing revolution. At the feed rate of mmmin−1 the values decrease at rpm and then they subsequently go up (by 6.1 mm). At the maximum feed rate of 300 mmmin−1 the values of parameter act oppositely to the previous case (Figure 4(a)). Based on linear dependency equations the increasing tendency is visible in case of all three feed rates (Table 4, highlighted lines). However, the coefficient of determination is not greater than 0.90 in any of the cases and therefore the equations are not statistically important. Figure 4(b) shows the graphic dependence of on increasing feed rate. At the minimal revolution the values increase at the feed rate of 200 mmmin−1 and then they subsequently decrease under 1.7 μm. At the revolution of 4000 rpm there is an evident increase of values in the whole range of feed rates. At the maximum revolution the course is almost constant even at the change of the feed rate. Linear equations confirm these courses, but when the statistical significance is concerned, however, none meets the criterion .(ii)HSS Drill Bit without Coating (Tool 2). The values rise with increasing revolution at the feed rates of 100 and 200 mmmin−1. A significant increase is visible when the revolution is changed from 4000 rpm to 6000 rpm. Maximum reached values are almost identical (at rpm → μm; at rpm → μm). At the maximum feed rate of 300 mmmin−1 the value decreases and then subsequently increases at the maximum revolution of 6000 rpm (Figure 5(a)). Linear dependence equations show evident increasing course, but only the dependence of on the revolution at the minimum feed rate of 100 mmmin−1 () is statistically significant. Figure 5(b) shows the visible change in course of depending on increasing feed rate. At the minimum revolution the values of parameter rise with the increasing feed rate. The opposite course is evident at maximum revolution. At the revolution of 4000 rpm the values range in a narrow interval—from less than 17 μm up to 18.05 μm. Statistically important is the course at the revolution of 2000 rpm. Coefficient of determination is greater than 0.97. In case of higher revolution the equations are statistically insignificant and they have a decreasing tendency.(iii)Graphic dependencies differ depending on the use of tools with the same diameters but different surface finish (tools with/without coating). Using the tool with TiN coating the better quality of the surface (lower values of parameter) was achieved. Use of a drill bit with surface finish improves the quality of the surface by more than 20%. On the other side, the differences in obtained values are minimal at the feed rate of 100 and 200 mmmin−1 and at the minimal revolution.
Figures 6(a)–6(f) show the images obtained using a digital camera. Chips were removed from the place of a cut by a grove in the tool. Some melting of plastic and its sticking to the adjacent back part of a drill bit occurred during the process of cutting. In the case of coated tool the sticking of material matrix was even more apparent. When using a tool without coating the sticking of polymer does not occur in such extent. With regard to heterogeneity of the material it is not possible to categorize the formed chips into groups in more detail; the particular section of chips has different shapes (alongside the inner volume there is a different ratio of plastic and wood and the wooden parts are of different sizes). The edge of a hole is without damage in the part where a drill bit enters the material. In the area where a drill bit exits the material deformation occurs and a part of chip is fixed to the edge of a hole (see Figures 6(e) and 6(f)).
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(b)
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(e)
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It is necessary to note that experimental results are valid only for presented technological conditions and tools, so in the future it is recommended to study other tools and technological parameters of machining and also to determine the most suitable conditions to achieve surface with highest quality.
4. Conclusion
Topography of the surface is prescribed by interaction between tool and machined material and its properties. Along the extruded profile the mechanical properties of the studied material are different, which was proved by mechanical testing. The microscopic observation of the material structure showed the heterogeneity of the composite and also presence of microcracks located on contacts between wood particles and the polymer matrix. Graphical dependencies of studied parameters were constructed using values calculated as arithmetic average of values measured on the surface of inner and marginal bore holes, which in the light of inhomogeneity of material are correlation coefficients at low values, which show statistical significance of described dependencies and , respectively. In relation to changing characteristic along the profile it is not able to predict course of roughness parameters for variable parameters (depending on conditions of cutting process). Inhomogeneity can be partially reduced by adding of coupling substance in production process of profile (reduction of cracks on borders wood–plastics). Further research can be possible pointed on material area—exactly to increase homogeneity of material.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This research was done in the framework of the Project New Creative Teams in Priorities of Scientific Research (registration no. CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0055), supported by Operational Programme Education for Competitiveness and cofinanced by the European Social Fund and state budget of the Czech Republic.