Abstract
Polysulfone/polyethylene glycol (PSF/PEG) membranes were prepared by dry/wet phase inversion method. Effects of direct current glow discharge plasma using argon as working gas on morphological structures and gas separation properties of membranes were studied. Alteration of membrane characteristics were analyzed by various techniques like contact angle, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Gas separation properties were measured in terms of permeation and ideal O2/N2 selectivity. Results showed that hydrophilic and gas separation properties of PSF/PEG membranes increased by plasma surface modification. It was also shown that the dosage of PEG and plasma treatment affected the morphological structures and mechanical and gas separation properties. The macro voids and transmembrane structure disappeared with a little amount of PEG dosage. Pore size and mechanical strength tend to decrease with increasing PEG dosage up to 10 wt%. Glass transition temperature receded from 201.8 to 143.7°C for pure PSF and PSF/PEG with PEG dosage of 10 wt%. O2 and N2 gases permeation through the 10-minute plasma treated membranes tend to increase. However, the permeation strongly dispersed when treatment time was more extended.
1. Introduction
Plasma surface modification is one of the processes with high potential that can be used to raise the utility of membrane materials in diverse technical applications. Glow discharge plasma at low pressures is one of the several physical techniques utilized to modify the morphology and properties of polymeric membrane surfaces [1]. Most glow discharge plasmas used for these aims are generated from radio frequency (13.56 MHz) and microwave (2.45 GHz) power sources. However, DC glow discharge is the easiest among these techniques as there is no need for complex electronic circuits. As already presented by various references, polymeric membrane modification is the integration of chemical and physical techniques [2–4]. Addition of organic or inorganic particle as a third component of the casting solution is one of the most important chemical techniques, while the plasma surface modification is a physical (plasma treatment) and physicochemical (plasma polymerization and grafting) technique. Membrane performance obtained by the incorporation of these two techniques is quite high [5]. Typically, the permeability of asymmetric polymeric gas separation membranes prepared by phase inversion techniques is quite low and unsuitable for practical use. In order to increase the permeability of gas, hydrophilic properties, selective layer thickness, and porosity of the membranes have to be improved. In general, to increase the permeation rate, the selective layer should be thin. For the CO2/CH4 separation, the hydrophilic property of the membrane surface has an influence on the CO2 permeation rate. Therefore, the permeation rate of CO2 was enhanced by increasing the hydrophilic property of the membrane surface [3, 4]. However, the increase of gas permeation rate depends on many parameters like kinetic diameter, quadrupole moment, and polarizability of gas, as well as the polarity of polymeric membrane surfaces. Generally, etching and deposition processes occur at the same time when the polymeric membranes are treated with the discharge plasma from non-polymer forming gases [1]. Nevertheless, these processes are depended on the initial plasma conditions.
For the addition of the third component in the polymer solution, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is one of the most important additives used. Several research groups have investigated the effect of PEG and both molecular weight and dosage, on the morphology, structure, mechanical properties, and performance as well as the formation of membranes. In 1998, Kim and Lee [5] studied the effect of PEG on membrane formation by phase inversion. They found that the PEG behaves as a pore-forming agent. The water flux increases and solute rejection and coagulation value decrease with increasing PEG to NMP ratio. Also, porosity of the bottom sublayer increased with the use of the PEG additive. Besides, the free fractional volume is uplifted as the glass transition temperature , the modulus and tensile strength declined after PEG was incorporated in the casting solution [6, 7]. Shieh et al. [7] found that PEG can be used to improve the membrane selectivity due to its hydrophilic nature. Chakrabarty et al. [8] reported that the membranes which incorporated PEG of higher molecular weights show higher pure water flux and porosity than the membranes with low molecular weight PEG. Zuo et al. [9] investigated the influence of PEG molecular weight on morphologies and properties of PVDF membranes. They found that PEG with a relatively low molecular weight acts as a pore-forming agent while PEG with high molecular weight behaves as a pore-suppressing agent. They also found that the viscosity of casting solutions increased with increasing PEG molecular weight. Furthermore, Yunos et al. [10] investigated the effect of PEG molecular weight and dosage on the properties and performance of PSF membranes. They found that pure water flux and mean pore radius of membranes increased with an increase of PEG content as well as the hydrophilic component appearance in PSF/PEG blend membranes.
This work studied the effects of PEG as a polymeric additive and of low temperature and pressure DC glow discharge plasma on the morphological structures and surface properties of polysulfone/polyethylene glycol (PSF/PEG) membranes. Additionally, the permeation of N2 and O2 gases through PSF/PEG membranes before and after plasma treatment was measured and appraised.
2. Experimental Method
2.1. Materials
Polysulfone (UDEL 3500 LCD MB) in pellet form was supplied from Solvay, China. Solvents, including DMAC (99%, g/mol), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and acetone (99.5%), were purchased from Fluka Riedel-deHaën, Sigma-Aldrich (Thailand) Co., Ltd., and Ajax Finechem Pty Ltd., respectively. PSF pellets were weighed by 0.01 g weighing scale (AND and GF-3000) from A&D (Thailand) Co., Ltd. A hot plate magnetic stirrer of VS-130SH from Vision Scientific (Thailand) Co., Ltd., was used for dissolving PSF. Hot plate temperature was set at 55–60°C. PEG ( = 1,000 g/mol) purchased from Fluka Riedel-deHaën was used as additive in this study.
2.2. Preparation of Flat Sheet Membranes
Polysulfone/polyethylene glycol (PSF/PEG) asymmetric membrane was prepared by dry/wet phase inversion method. Pellets of PSF were dried by an electrical oven at 85°C for 24 hr before usage. All ingredients were weighed corresponding to the given formula. In the preparation of the casting solution, PEG was first dissolved in the solvents. Afterwards, PSF materials are carefully poured into the solution of PEG and solvents. To remove air bubbles, the dissolved casting solutions were subjected to the ultrasonic bath for 15 min. Then, the obtained casting solution was casted on a clear and smooth glass plate. The wet thickness of casted membranes was controlled at about 150 μm. To obtain the asymmetric membrane, the nascent membranes were placed in the normal air for one minute before they were immersed in the coagulation bath of ionized water for 24 hr. After that, the membrane was dried in normal air for 24 hr.
2.3. Plasma Treatment of PSF/PEG Membranes
A lab-scale low pressure DC glow discharge plasma system was used for the treatment of PSF/PEG membranes. Details of this plasma system are explained in previous work [11]. In brief, the plasma system as shown in Figure 1 consisted of vacuum chamber, power supply, and electrode and rotary pump. Before generating plasma discharges, the pressure inside the plasma reactor was pumped down to about 5.5 × 10−2 mbar. In the present work, the initial plasma gas pressure and discharge power were controlled at about 2.5 × 10−1 mbar and 15.0 W, respectively. Samples of PSF/PEG membranes were fixed on an acrylic plate of 1.5 mm thickness and then placed on the anode electrode. The interelectrode gap was controlled at about cm. To study the effect of glow discharge plasma on the surface and gas permeation properties of PSF/PEG membranes, plasma treatment time was varied.
2.4. Characterization of PSF/PEG Membranes
First, PSF membranes with different PEG concentrations were tested for their hydrophilic properties by water contact angle measurements in sessile drop mode using a video based optical contact angle measuring instrument (Model OCA 15EC, DataPhysics Intruments GmbH, Germany). Samples of plasma treated PSF/PEG membranes were subjected to water contact angle measurements as well. Physical and mechanical properties of polymeric membrane were investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) technique in tensile mode. During the DMTA test, the frequency and temperature were controlled at 1 Hz and 20–300°C, respectively. For the observation of morphological patterns and structures by SEM, samples of PSF/PEG membranes were immersed in liquid nitrogen for 5–10 minutes and then coated by gold at low pressure. Furthermore, the creation of functional groups was verified by attenuated reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy in the range of 400–4,000 cm−1 for the wave number with a resolution of 4 cm−1.
2.5. Gas Permeation Measurement
The permeation rate of pure O2 and N2 gases through PSF/PEG membrane samples before and after plasma treatment was measured at different pressure levels, at 2, 4, 6, and 8 bar. The permeation module as a critical component of the testing setup is presented in Figure 2. Samples of membrane were cut into circular form with the diameter of 5.7 cm and effective area of about 17.36 cm2. To prevent any leakage of gas, rubber O-rings with a thickness of 0.5 cm were utilized. Permeation rates were read from the soap bubble flow rate meter, five times for each sample, with the average value calculated. The pressure-normalized flux or permeability value in the unit of GPU (1 GPU = 10−6 cm3 (STP)/cm2 s cm Hg) was determined by using (1) [4, 12–14]. In addition, the ideal gas separation factor or the O2/N2 selectivity was estimated by (2) [3, 10, 14].where is the volumetric flow rate, is the permeability, is the skin layer thickness, is the membrane effective area, is the permeance in the unit of GPU, and is the transmembrane pressure. and are the permeability of and gases, respectively.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of PEG Concentration
Results of the water contact angle measurement of PSF membranes at different PEG dosages show a decreasing trend, especially when the PEG concentration increased to 30 wt% as shown in Figure 3. The water contact angle decreased from 90.5 to 75.4 or about 17.0% while the PEG dosage increased to about 30 wt%. This means that the PEG concentration has an effect on the hydrophilic properties of PSF membranes.
Figures 4(a)–4(c) show morphological patterns and structures of pure PSF, PSF/PEG 5 wt%, and PSF/PEG 10 wt%, respectively. It can be seen that the macro voids disappeared when PEG was incorporated in the PSF membrane. In this study, the pore size was estimated through the SEM micrograph. It was found that the average pore size of PSF membranes approximated by Carnoy Program 2.0® version incorporated with SEM micrographs tends to decrease with increasing PEG dosage. The average pore size of pure PSF (included macro voids), PSF/PEG 5 wt%, and PSF/PEG 10 wt% was about 3.37, 3.11, and 3.09 μm, respectively. Further, it can be seen that the small transition layer which appeared in the pure PSF membrane was completely suppressed when PEG was incorporated. Figure 5 shows the pore diameter distribution of pure PSF membranes and PSF/PEG membranes with a loading of 5 and 10 wt%. Distribution of the pore size is narrower when PEG ( = 1,000 dalton) was incorporated in the casting solution. This means that the pore size of PSF/PEG membranes is more uniform than that of pure PSF ones.
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In addition to the hydrophilic properties and morphological structures, mechanical strengths and glass transition temperatures of PSF membranes were studied using DMTA technique. Results show that mechanical strengths in terms of storage modulus and loss modulus of the membrane samples tend to decrease while the PEG dosage increased up to 10 wt% as illustrated in Figures 6(a) and 6(b), respectively. Figure 6(c) shows that decreased from 201.8°C for a membrane without PEG to 143.7°C for a PSF/PEG membrane with 10 wt% PEG. Decreasing of mechanical strengths and may reflect the degradation of membrane structure caused from plasma treatment and the negative alteration influenced from aggregation of PEG dosage. These results are in accordance with Kim and Lee [5], Ma et al. [15], and Chakrabarty et al. [16].
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3.2. Effect of DC-Plasma Treatment
In addition to the effect of PEG dosage, Ar-plasma also has an effect on the physical properties of PSF/PEG. The storage and loss modulus of plasma treated PSF/PEG membranes decreased as shown in Figures 6(a) and 6(b). This indicates that Ar-plasma at about 15 W can degrade PSF/PEG membranes. Figure 7 shows the modification of water contact angle of PSF/PEG membranes (PEG concentration of 5 and 10 wt%) both before and after plasma treatment at about 15 W and at different treatment times. It can be seen that the water contact angle of PSF/PEG membrane surfaces decreased sharply at the beginning of the treatment and dispersed for a prolong treatment time. These changes indicated a competition between etching and deposition processes in the plasma treatment. For a prolong treatment time, the etching effect and deposition process are comparable. For this treatment, the optimized plasma treatment time is in the range of 1–3 min. It was shown that low pressure DC Ar-plasma can improve the hydrophilic properties of PSF/PEG membrane surfaces. From literature, the improvement of the hydrophilic property of polymeric membrane surfaces can increase both permeation rate and ideal selectivity of CO2/CH4 [3].
Figure 8 shows the FTIR spectra of PSF/PEG membranes before and after Ar-plasma treatment. For the PSF/PEG untreated membranes, it can be seen that the characteristic absorption peaks of PEG at around 2,885 cm−1 (O-H) and 1,110 cm−1 (C-O) do not appear. This suggested that most of the PEG is not apparent in the membrane top layer. However, a low absorption peak appeared at around 2,872, 2,920, and 2,965 cm−1. After Ar-plasma treatment, the new low absorption peak appeared at around 2,357 and 2,368 cm−1. Also, very low absorption peaks at around 3,140–4,000 cm−1 are in the opposite direction when compared with the PSF/PEG untreated membranes. The intensity of absorption peaks at around 2,872 and 2,965 cm−1 decreased after plasma treatment whereas the peak at around 2,920 cm−1 increased clearly. Decreasing of absorption peaks may reflect the decomposition or degradation of functional groups whereas the increase of absorption bands was attributed to the deposition or creation of functional groups.
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New absorption peaks correspond to the creation of C-H bonds of aldehyde groups. After plasma treatment, membrane samples were exposed to the air and the oxidation of methyl group in the structure of PSF was then initiated. The oxidation at the position of methyl group yields an aldehyde which can further be oxidized to yield a carboxylic polar group. The increase of hydrophilic properties may be the result from these polar groups. Furthermore, the O-H and C-H bonds at around 3,000 to 3,900 cm−1 band of plasma treated membranes are more active than the untreated ones. For this reason, the hydrophilic property was improved according to the results of the water contact angle measurements mentioned above.
Figure 9 shows the top skin surface of PSF/PEG 10 wt% membranes. It can be seen that the number of pores decreased after plasma treatment. This may due to the effect that the deposition processes are more dominant than the plasma etching processes. This result is according to the gas permeation testing results, as the permeation of O2 and N2 gases through PSF/PEG 10 wt% decreased after being treated by plasma. This leads to an increase of the ideal O2/N2 selectivity.
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3.3. Gas Permeation Property
The permeation of O2 and N2 gases through PSF and PSF/PEG membranes was measured using different transmembrane gas pressures. The ideal O2/N2 separation factor was evaluated. The experimental results of these measurements are shown in Figure 10. It can be seen that the permeance in the unit of GPU of O2 and N2 is strongly dispersed. However, the permeance tends to decrease with increasing plasma treatment time. The gas permeation through ten-minute plasma treated membranes increased clearly. This can be explained that the plasma etching process is more dominant than the deposition process. The variation of O2 and N2 permeability affected the ideal separation factor or selectivity of these two gases. The ideal O2/N2 selectivity increased to about 3 as shown in Figure 10 when PSF/PEG membranes were treated with glow discharge plasma of Ar gas for 20 minutes. Results from this study also showed that the gas permeation of PSF/PEG membranes is significantly higher than that of PSF pure membranes. For the asymmetric polymeric membrane with dense skin layer, the permeation of gas depended on the skin layer thickness. Referring to the SEM micrographs as shown in Figures 4(a)–4(c), the skin layer thickness decreased when PEG was incorporated in PSF membranes. Typically, skin layer thickness affected to the permeation rate of gases [4]. Furthermore, incorporation of PEG into the PSF casting solution affected the formation of porous top layer as shown in Figure 9. Formation of pore on top skin layer leads to increase of permeation rate of gases and decrease of selectivity of O2/N2 gases.
4. Conclusions
In summary, the morphological structure and physical property of PSF changed when PEG was incorporated in the casting solution. The pore size distribution was optimized clearly. Macro voids were suppressed and instead sponge like structures appeared. The hydrophilic properties were improved with incorporation of PEG. The level of hydrophilicity was enhanced with increasing PEG dosage. In addition to the change of morphological structures, the physical properties in terms of glass transition temperature and viscoelastic modulus were modified. The hydrophilic property was further increased by glow discharge plasma at low pressures, because the polar group like O-H and C-H bonds increased after plasma treatment. For the gas separation property, it was shown that the incorporation of PEG can increase the permeation rate of O2 and N2 gases. However, the O2/N2 separation factor is quite low. This might be because the coupling agent is not incorporated in the casting solution. The separation factor was enhanced after PSF/PEG membranes were treated with DC glow discharge plasma.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
Financial support from National Research University, Prince of Songkla University (NRU’58, PSU), and ThEP Center, CHE, Thailand, is acknowledged. The authors wish to thank the Membrane Science and Technology Research Center (MSTRC), Department of Physics, and Prince of Songkla University for providing infrastructure and facilities required.