Abstract
Hydrogels with chemical sensitive switch have control release properties in special environments. A series of polyacrylamide-octadecyl methacrylate hydrogels crosslinked by N,N′-bis (acryloyl) cystamine were synthesized as potential chemical sensitive system. When this hydrogel encounters dithiothreitol it can change its quality. The properties of the hydrogels were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, and scanning electron microscopy. The water absorption of the hydrogel has the maximum value of 475%, when the content of octadecyl methacrylate is 5 wt%. The amount of weight loss was changed from 34.6% to 17.2%, as the content of octadecyl methacrylate increased from 3 wt% to 9.4 wt%. At the same time, the stress of the hydrogel decreased from 67.01% to 47.61%; the strength of the hydrogel reaches to the maximum 0.367 Mpa at 7 wt% octadecyl methacrylate. The increasing content of octadecyl methacrylate from 3 wt% to 9.4 wt% can enhance the hydrophobicity of the hydrogel; the contact angle of water to hydrogel changed from 14.10° to 19.62°. This hydrogel has the porous structure which permits loading of oils into the gel matrix. The functionalities of the hydrogel make it have more widely potential applications in chemical sensitive response materials.
1. Introduction
Hydrogels usually are prepared by hydrophilic polymers with highly swollen properties, as well as crosslinked three-dimensional structures. Recently studies have been done on hydrogels with mechanical properties and superporous, self-healing, self-assembling, and stimuli-sensitive hydrogels [1–3]. They can be used as wound dressings and in tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, and water treatment agents [4–8].
Stimuli-sensitive hydrogels have become the subject of extensive studies as intelligent materials, because of their multifunctionality in different environments, such as pH, temperature, ultrasound, electric fields, and chemical reagents [9–13]. When these hydrogels are placed in these environments, they change their structure by themselves. Accordingly stimuli-sensitive hydrogels have potential applications in drug carriers by determining the selected solute, removing toxins, recycling, and separating products related to the industrial process.
The problems relating to the smart control of hydrogels were highly concerned [14]. Hydrophobic aggregate is critical to improving the mechanical properties of hydrogels by stress dissipation mechanisms. Aqueous polymer with hydrophobic segments can aggregate at aqueous environment and can be transformed into hydrogels. And disulfide bonds can be designed as a reversible switch in hydrogel design [15]. Therefore, by combining hydrophobic segments with the reversible switch systems, the intelligent hydrogel with sense of chemical changes can be applied in a wide range of applications. As a result, it enables us to make smart systems in separation of specific substances and drug control delivery systems.
Here we reported a chemical sensitive hydrogel and how it responds to dithiothreitol (DTT) in water solution. This material was made by grafting the octadecyl methacrylate and disulfide bond to the PAM. Therefore DTT triggered a quality change owing to breaking the crosslinked S-S bond, and the hydrogel showed the sense of chemical changes properties because of octadecyl methacrylate. The properties of the hydrogel were characterized by mechanic strength and contact angle of water measurements.
2. Experimental Work
2.1. Materials and Methods
Acrylamide, stearyl methacrylate, ammonium persulfate (APS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), N,N′-bis (acryloyl) cystamine, N,N′,N,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED), and NaCl were commercially available and used as received.
IR spectra were recorded by FTIR (Nicolet iN10 Thermo Fisher Scientific China) over the region from 4000 to 400 cm−1. For morphological characterization, the hydrogels were analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) (S-3400N, Hitachi, Japan) with an acceleration voltage of 40 kV. A thin layer of the sample was cast on a silica wafer and freeze-dried, overnight, in a lyophiliser. A layer of gold was sputter-coated over the sample by vacuum spray to forma conductive surface.
Tensile stress-strain measurements were performed by using an Instron 3365 Universal Testing Machine (Norwood, MA, USA) with the following parameters: sampling rate: 10.000 pts/sec; beam speed: 100 mm/min; full scale load range: 0.1000 kN; humidity: 25%; and temperature: 24°C.
The cylindrical shaped gel samples measured 60 mm × 10 mm. Each data point was measured on six samples, and the average value of five measurements was taken. Statistical analysis of data was performed by one-way analysis of variance, assuming a confidence level of 95% ( < 0.05) for statistical significance.
The gravimetric method was used to measure the swelling ratios of the gels. After immersion in distilled water for approximately 48 hr at 25°C to reach swelling equilibrium, the gel samples were weighed. The average value of three measurements was taken. The equilibrium swelling ratio (SR) was calculated as , where is the weight of the swollen gel and is the weight of the gel in its dry state.
2.2. Synthesis of the Octadecyl Methacrylate-acrylamide-N,N′-bis(acryloyl)-cystamine Hydrogel
The gels were synthesized by micellar copolymerization. The reaction system was generally started by dissolving 2.065 g NaCl and 4.95 g sodium dodecyl sulfate into 70 mL 25% ethanol at 60°C to obtain a transparent solution. Then, 6.475 g acrylamide, 0.719 g N,N′-bis (acryloyl) cystamine, and stearylmethacrylate (3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 7 wt.%, and 9.4% relative to the amount of solid content) were dissolved in this solution under stirring for 2 h at a temperature of 35°C. 175 μL TEMED was added to the solution hereafter. Finally, 0.08 g of APS was added to initiate the reaction. The copolymerization reactions were carried out at 25°C for 24 h.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Synthesis of Hydrogels
Acrylamide (AM), octadecyl methacrylate, and N,N′-bis(acryloyl)-cystamine form an amphipathic copolymer at this system (Figure 1). C18 acts as hydrophobic parts and AM act as hydrophilic parts, and N,N′-bis(acryloyl)-cystamine acts as the cross-linking agent, which connects the polymer into a three-dimensional network structure. The hydrophobic parts can also form the micelles in the hydrogel, which can be used to hold hydrophobic particles in hydrophilic environments.
The dithiothreitol cause the disulfide bond to break down into -SH groups [15]. Correspondingly, the disappearance of the connecting bonds will lead to its structure changing from a three-dimensional network to a soluble linear structure. At the same time the hydrogel changes the quality. Disulfide bond (-S-S-) is a smart covalent bond, it can broken down into -SH groups when it encounters the dithiothreitol [15]. Accompanied by breakdown of the disulfide bonds in the gel, the hydrogel changes its quality.
3.2. Characterization of the Hydrogels
The FTIR spectra of AM, octadecyl methacrylate, and N,N′-bis(acryloyl)-cystamine crosslinked hydrogels are presented in Figure 2. The prominent band at 2929 cm−1 was attributed to the asymmetric absorption peak of methylene-CH2. The bands at 1500 cm−1 and 918 cm−1 correspond to the bending vibration of N-H and the stretching vibration of C-N, respectively. The peak at 1446 cm−1 corresponds to the bending vibration absorption peak of C-H bonds. According to Figure 2, the intensity of the stretching vibration of methylene increased with the content of the octadecyl methacrylate.
3.3. The Equilibrium Swelling Ratio of the Octadecyl Methacrylate-acrylamide-N,N′-bis(acryloyl)-cystamine Hydrogels
Hydrogels of octadecyl methacrylate-acrylamide-N,N′-bis(acryloyl)-cystamine could absorb large amounts of water. The equilibrium swelling ratio of the hydrogel reached 95% at 1 h and formed a saturation state after immersion in water for 6 h. When the concentration of the hydrophobic parts (octadecyl methacrylate) was changed from 3% to 9%, the equilibrium swelling ratio could reach the highest value of 475% at 5% percent of octadecyl methacrylate (Figure 3). The possible reason is that the increase of octadecyl methacrylate can create more hydrophobic micelles, which give more cross-linking points in the hydrogel. However, too many hydrophobic cross-linking points will affect the spread of water, so the water absorption ability of hydrogels was decreased.
3.4. The Residual Quality Ratio of Octadecyl Methacrylate-acrylamide-N,N′-bis(acryloyl)-cystamine Hydrogel
When the concentration of octadecyl methacrylate changed from 3% to 9%, the sol ratio decreased from 34.6% to 17.2%, as shown at Figure 4. This was caused by the increase of hydrophobic micelles caused by more octadecyl methacrylate. More hydrophobic micelles will induce more cross-linking points in the molecular chain, which make the molecular chain retain a cross-linking state after the reduction of disulfide reduction. Correspondingly, the residual quality ratio was decreased.
3.5. Mechanical Properties of the Octadecyl Methacrylate-acrylamide-N,N′-bis(acryloyl)-cystamine Hydrogel
The hydrophobic parts octadecyl methacrylate can affect the mechanical properties of the octadecyl methacrylate-acrylamide-N,N′-bis(acryloyl)-cystamine hydrogel. The highest compressive strength 137.8 KPa of the hydrogel can reach 5% of octadecyl methacrylate (Figure 5). The strain of the hydrogel was increased as the octadecyl methacrylate concentration changed from 2% to 5%, while a sharp decline occurred while the octadecyl methacrylate concentration changed from 5% to 9% (Figure 6). More octadecyl methacrylate can increase the strain and compressive strength of the hydrogel by forming more cross-linking points. However, too many cross-linking points will decrease the strain and compressive strength [16].
3.6. The Contact Angle with Water
The contact angle with water of the material can reflect the hydrophobic properties of this material. The contact angle of the hydrogel increased from 14.10° to 19.62°, when the concentration of octadecyl methacrylate was changed at the range of 3% to 9.4% (Figure 7). This result shows that the long alkane structure of octadecyl methacrylate can increase the hydrophobic ability of the hydrogel.
3.7. Surface Morphology of Octadecyl Methacrylate-acrylamide-N,N′-bis(acryloyl)-cystamine Hydrogel
Figure 8 shows SEM micrographs of freeze-dried octadecyl methacrylate-acrylamide-N,N′-bis(acryloyl)-cystamine hydrogel. This hydrogel has a highly porous structure. The porosity property permits loading of water and hydrophobic particles into the gel matrix.
4. Conclusions
In this study, octadecyl methacrylate-acrylamide-N,N′-bis(acryloyl)-cystamine hydrogel was prepared in an aqueous solution environment. The hydrogel exhibited swelling changes, mechanical strength changes, hydrophobic ability changes, and ratio of degradation changes in response to octadecyl methacrylate concentration. The hydrogel is also a kind of stimuli-responsive hydrogel that undergoes abrupt changes in quality in response to dithiothreitol. This has potential applications in biomedicine or other systems that need “intelligent” responses.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the China Ministry of Science and Technology (2016YFD0600803) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31600464).