Review of Recent Development on Preparation, Properties, and Applications of Cellulose-Based Functional Materials

Table 1

Summary of the cellulose-based functional materials for biological applications.

Cellulose forms	Other materials	Preparation method	Compound mechanics	Product advantages	Refs
BC	Gelatin	Immersion	Double-network structures	Mechanical strength and hydrophilic property	[18]
CNC	CS	Solution reaction	Polymer grafting	High drug loading	[19]
CNC	Fibrin	Solution reaction	Molecular interaction	Reinforcement	[20]
CNC	Xylans	Spin-assisted electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly	Structural color	Detection of xylanase activity	[21]
Ethyl cellulose	Poly(e-caprolactone), rhodamine B, and folate acid	Three chemical reactions’ process	Functional molecules bonded on comb copolymer	Fluorescent and targeting functionality	[22]
Electrospun CA nanofibers	Isothiocyanate, folate acid, and poly(amidoamine)	Complicated chemical and physical processes	Multifunctional dendrimer-modified electrospun CA nanofibers	Targeted cancer cell capture	[7]
CNC	Poly(propylene imine), FA and others	Five chemical reactions’ process	Dendrimer-grafted CNC	High drug load and more sustainable drug release functionality	[23]
Cellulose solution	Phosphor, epichlorohydrin	Physically blended in aqueous solutions	Physically supported by cellulose	Safety, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and being inexpensive	[24]
NFC	Laccase (Lac)/polyaniline/CMC	Complicated processes including electrospinning	In situ polymerization of aniline	Detection limit of 0.374 μM	[25]
Cellulose solution	Polyaniline	Solvent casting and interfacial polymerization	Physically supported by cellulose	Micro-nanostructure	[26]
CA membrane	Amino-propyl-triethoxysilane, sericin, glutaraldehyde	Two steps of surface chemistry	Covalent immobilization onto CA	Safety, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and being inexpensive	[27]
CNC	Silk fibroin, CS	LbL assembly	Hierarchical lamellar structure	Excellent mechanical properties and biological compatibility	[28]
CNC	Poly(vinyl acetate)	Five chemical reactions and final solvent cast process	Graft polymer onto CNC by SI-RAFT/MADIX polymerization	High transparency and improved mechanical properties	[29]
CNC	2-Ureido-41H-pyrimidone, acrylamide, gelatin methacrylate	Four chemical reactions	Grafted polymer onto CNC and emulsion polymerization	Excellent solid stabilizers, elastic macroporous composite hydrogels	[30]
Chromatography paper	Lipid	Deposit, evaporate, incubate, and extract	Macromolecular self-assembly	Macroporous media	[8]
CMC	Sodium benzoate, glutaraldehyde	Solvent molding process and evaporation method	Photo-cross-linking and chemical cross-linking	High surface hydrophobicity, water barrier, and mechanical properties	[31]
CNC	Alginate	Solvent casting	Ca^2+ cross-linked	High porosity and tensile strength	[32]
NFC	Kymene	Mechanical defibrillation and spray-freeze-drying	Physical molding and chemical cross-linking	Highly lightweight (0.0018 g cm^−3)	[33]
NFC	Titania	Three solution reactions	Solution and regeneration, cross-linking	Long-term drug release	[34]
MFC	Starch, glycerol	Solvent casting	Mechanical defibrillation and physical blend	Low water vapor permeability and high tensile strength	[35]
NFC and BC	CS	Solvent casting	Ammonium persulfate oxidation, nanoscale reinforcement	High mechanical and biological properties	[36]
MFC	Calcium peroxide, catalase	LbL assembly	Physically supported by cellulose	Modulation of the releases of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or oxygen (O2)	[37]
MCC	SrF2	Microwave-assisted reaction	Physically supported by cellulose	Enhancing the strength of the papers	[38]
Methyl cellulose, HEC, and HPMC	Steroid diosgenin	Solution reaction	Covalently linked on cellulose and self-assembling in water	Controlled release of agrochemicals	[39]