|
Feedstock | Particle size | Microwave power (W) | Temperature (°C) | Time (min) | Solvent | Catalyst | Main compositions | Area (%) | Yield of bio-oil (%) | Ref. |
|
Peony | 20 mesh | 80.92 | 80.92 | 3.72 | Hexane+ethanol | | Palmitic acid | | 34.49 | [16] |
Stearic acid | |
Oleic acid | |
Linoleic acid | |
Linolenic acid | |
|
Cotton stalk | 60 mesh | 500 | 150 | 30 | Ethylene glycol | HZSM-5 | Benzonitrile | 2.30 | | [23] |
1-Propanone | 5.86 |
Thiomorpholine | 1.89 |
Cyclohexaneethanol | 1.01 |
8-Heptadecene | 2.10 |
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 1.82 |
2-(Prop-2-enoyloxy) tridecane | 2.93 |
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl | 3.37 |
Oleic acid | 33.07 |
1-Hexyl-1-nitrocyclohexane | 6.13 |
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester | 14.05 |
1-Cyano-4-(5-hexenyl)benzene | 6.14 |
E-2-Octadecadecen-1-ol | 3.33 |
Pentadec-7-ene, 7-bromomethyl- | 3.22 |
2-(3-Hydroxybutyl)cyclooctanone | 1.65 |
|
S. polycystum C. Agardh | 60 mesh | 400 | 170 | 15 | Ethylene glycol | H2SO4 | Diethylene glycol | 44.94 | 87.70 | [28] |
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 5.40 |
Methyl oleate | 22.20 |
Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 6.99 |
Squalene | 1.35 |
|
Ulva prolifera | 60 mesh | 600 | 165 | 30 | Ethylene glycol | H2SO4 | Diethylene glycol | 38.51 | 93.17 | [30] |
Phthalic acid, dipropyl ester | 0.94 |
Phthalic acid, ethyl pentyl ester | 0.90 |
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 5.80 |
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester | 27.50 |
Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 5.81 |
9,15-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester | 0.54 |
Eicosanoic acid, methyl ester | 0.78 |
Phthalic acid, 2-ethylhexyl isohexyl ester | 7.96 |
2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene | 0.71 |
|
Wheat straw alkali lignin | 38 μm | 300 | 160 | 5 | Methanol | Ferric sulfate | Vanillin | 11.23 | 55.22 | [31] |
Acetovanillone | 5.79 |
Vanillic acid | 3.76 |
Coniferyl alcohol | 2.38 |
2,6-Dimethoxyphenol | 2.03 |
Syringaldehyde | 13.38 |
4-Allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol | 5.14 |
Acetosyringone | 29.22 |
4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzohydrazide | 2.63 |
Syringic acid | 5.32 |
4-Hydroxy-2-methylacetophenone | 8.37 |
2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran | 5.27 |
Desaspidinol | 2.45 |
|
Ulva prolifera | | 600 | 180 | 30 | Ethylene glycol | H2SO4 | Benzenecarboxylic acid | 4.32 | 84.81 | [51] |
Diethyl phthalate | 1.96 |
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 0.94 |
Tridecanoic acid | 13.32 |
Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 2.03 | | |
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid | 42.58 |
(R)-(-)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol | 1.21 |
Cyclopropaneoctanal | 0.52 |
|
Ulva prolifera | 60 mesh | | 150 | 30 | Ethylene glycol | 8% Fe/HY | 5,6-Epoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-heptyne | 2.87 | | [65] |
2-Butanol, 3-methyl-, (S)- | 0.76 |
Butanedinitrile | 0.69 |
Thiomorpholine | 1.05 |
Benzaldehyde, oxime, (Z)- | 3.96 |
Hydrazinecarboxamide, 2-(phenylmethylene)- | 1.09 |
1,1-Cyclohexanedimethanol | 1.16 |
2-Amino-5-methylbenzoic acid | 4.42 |
Benzene, [2-(1-propoxyethoxy)ethyl]- | 3.34 |
Ethanone, 1-(2-benzothiazolyl)- | 2.17 |
1-Diethoxymethyladamantane | 3.00 |
1-Methoxy-1,4-cyclohexadiene | 0.50 |
Benzonitrile | 6.59 |
Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester | 1.07 |
1-Propene, 2-chloro- | 2.04 |
Hexahydroindole | 1.36 |
cis-1,4-Dimethyl-2-methylenecyclohexane | 0.71 |
3-Nitrostyrene | 1.03 |
1,2-Dihexylcyclopropene | 2.10 |
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 3.05 |
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester | 1.54 |
6,7-Dimethyl-triazolo(3,4-c)(1,2,4)-triazine | 0.56 |
Cyclooctyl alcohol | 0.98 |
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester | 9.25 |
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester | 16.62 |
Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 1.71 |
Hexanoic acid, hexadecyl ester | 14.31 |
3-Methyl-2,5-oxazolidine-dione | 0.87 |
Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-3-nitro- | 0.60 |
9(10H)-Acridinone, 1-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxy-10-methyl- | 2.83 |
2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-(3,8,12,16-tetramethyl-heptadeca-3,7,11,15-tetraenyl)-cyclohexanol | 1.47 |
|
Rape straw | 20-40 mesh | 700 | 140 | 15 | Methanol | H2SO4 | Furan | 1.16 | | [67] |
3-Acetoxy-3-hydroxypropionic acid, methyl ester | 3.02 |
5-Amino-3H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-carbo | 1.03 |
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 1.13 |
Citric acid, trimethyl ester | 1.92 |
α-D-Ribopyranoside, methyl | 24.84 |
2H-Pyran-3,4,5-triol, tetrahydro-2-methoxy-6-methyl- | 3.41 |
α-D-Lyxofuranoside, methyl | 1.55 |
α-D-Ribopyranoside, methyl | 9.77 |
Methyl(methyl4-O-methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside)uronate | 7.44 |
Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-, hydrazide | 1.00 |
Methyl(methyl4-O-methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside)uronate | 2.04 |
3-Methylmannoside | 6.69 |
α-D-Galactopyranosiduronic acid, methyl, methyl ester | 3.84 |
α-D-Galactopyranoside, methyl | 2.31 |
|
Lignin residue from black liquor | | 600 | 120 | 30 | Isopropanol | | Vanillin | | 45.35 | [70] |
Acetovanillone | |
Homovanillic acid | |
Syringaldehyde | |
Acetosyringone | |
|
Corn straw | 60 mesh | 600 | 180 | 22 | Phenol | H2SO4 | 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol | | | [92] |
Phenol | |
p-Hexaphenol | |
2-Methoxyphenol | |
2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol | |
4-Allyl-2,6-methoxyphenol | |
2,4-Dimethylphenol | |
o-Methoxyphenol | |
|
Nannochloropsis oceanica | | | 60 | 30 | Chloroform | H2SO4 | 9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester (C16:1) | 34.51 | | [93] |
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (C16:0) | 15.46 |
9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-(C16:1) | 1.24 |
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (C18:2) | 3.17 |
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (C18:1) | 3.95 |
Phytol | 2.48 |
5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid, methyl ester (C20:5) | 20.12 |
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester (C20:4)- | 4.00 |
7,10,13-Eicosatrienoic acid, methyl ester (C20:3) | 1.01 |
Octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether | 1.23 |
1,2,3,4-Cyclopentanetetrol | 0.40 |
2(3H)-Furanone, 5-heptyldihydro | 0.39 |
Methyl Z-11-tetradecenoate (C14:1) | 0.41 |
Methyl tetradecanoate | 0.55 |
9-Hexadecenoic acid | 0.78 |
n-Hexadecanoic acid | 0.48 |
1,3,12-Nonadecatriene | 0.39 |
Eicosen-1-ol, cis-9- | 0.59 |
Ethanol,2-(9-octadecenyloxy)-,(Z)- | 0.71 |
(Z)-14-Tricosenyl formate | 0.55 |
|