Review Article

Review on Hybrid Carbon/Flax Composites and Their Properties

Table 4

Overview of the reported techniques used to manufacture carbon-/flax-epoxy composites.

Composite manufactureProcedureReference

(1) Predrying of flax fibers for at 110°C/1 h
(2) Impregnation of textiles with resin
(3) Curing at 20°C/0.5 bar, 7 h
[24]

Hand lay-up and pressure moulding(1) Impregnation of textiles one by one with resin
(2) Curing at 35°C/3 h/5 bar
[14]
(1) Impregnation of textiles with resin
(2) Curing in 2 steps: 200 kPa/8 h and 80°C/1 h
[8]
(1) Impregnation of textiles with resin
(2) Curing in 2 steps: 10 bar/RT, 24 h
[20]
(1) Impregnation of textiles with resin
(2) Curing in 3 steps: at RT/0.9 bar/24 h and 80°C/30 min and 130°C/60 min
[19]
(1) Impregnation of textiles with resin
(2) Precure of separate textile at 105°C/10 min
(3) Vacuum bagging for at RT/1 h
(4) Curing in 4 steps: 80°C/10 min/6 MPa, 110°C/30 min/9 MPa, 110°C/24 h, and 150°C/5 h
[18]

Pressure moulding(1) Pressure moulding at max. 130°C/0.5 MPa/45 min[13]
(1) Pressure moulding at 150°C/500 kPa/60 min[9]
(1) NS[16]

Vacuum bagging(1) Vacuum bagging
(2) Curing in 2 steps: at RT/24 h and at 60°C/8 h
[12]
(1) Predrying of flax at 80°C/24 h
(2) Vacuum infusion including 30 min debulk at 1 atm
(3) Curing in 2 steps: at RT/24 h and at 80°C/24 h
[17]
(1) Predrying of flax at 90°C/3 h
(2) Vacuum infusion
(3) Curing in 2 steps: at 25°C/24 h and at 80°C/16 h
[25]
(1) Predrying of flax at 60°C/15 min
(2) Vacuum infusion
(3) Curing in 2 steps: 28°C/0.88 bar and at 80°C/14 h
[21]
(1) Predrying of flax fibers at 80°C/24 h
(2) Vacuum infusion
(3) Curing for 30 min at 80°C
[22]

Vacuum bagging and autoclave(1) Curing under pressure in autoclave at 120°C[15]

Impregnation and autoclave(1) Suspension of short fibers in water
(2) Alignment of fibers using sudden change of momentum of the fiber-water suspension
(3) Drying and impregnation of fibers with resin
(4) Curing in autoclave at 135°C/6 bar/135 min
[23]

Single line infusion(1) Opening of fibers via process based on gas jet mixer
(2) Mixing of fibers at a certain mass ratio
(3) Carding process including compression of fibers
(4) Line infusion of fibers via liquid resin infusion
(5) Curing in 2 steps: at 85°C/120 min and 100°C/60 min in oven
[26]

Note: RT: room temperature; NS: not stated.