Polypyrrole-Chitosan-CaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Layer Sensor for Detection of Anionic and Cationic Dye Using Surface Plasmon Resonance

Sadrolhosseini, Amir Reza; Nia, Pooria Moozarm; Shafie, Suhaidi; Shameli, Kamyar; Mahdi, Mohd Adzir

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3489509

International Journal of Polymer Science

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Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 3489509 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3489509

Polypyrrole-Chitosan-CaFe₂O₄ Layer Sensor for Detection of Anionic and Cationic Dye Using Surface Plasmon Resonance

Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini,¹Pooria Moozarm Nia,²Suhaidi Shafie,¹Kamyar Shameli,³and Mohd Adzir Mahdi⁴

Academic Editor: Victor H. Perez

Received09 Aug 2019

Revised01 Dec 2019

Accepted06 Dec 2019

Published16 Jan 2020

Abstract

A polypyrrole-chitosan-calcium ferrite nanocomposite was prepared using the electrodeposition method. The prepared layer was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the X-ray diffraction technique, and field emission electron microscopy. The thickness of the thin layers was in the range of 2.8 nm to 59.5 nm, and the refractive index of the composite layer was in the range of to . Detection and removal of cationic and anionic dyes, such as methylene blue and methylene orange, are subject of great interest for protecting environmental water. The layer composite was used to detect methylene orange and methylene blue using the surface plasmon resonance technique. Consequently, the polypyrrole-chitosan-calcium-ferrite composite layer interacted with the anionic and cationic dyes. The resonance angle shift for the detection of the cationic dye was larger than the resonance angle shift for the anionic dye. The sensor limit was achieved from a sensogram at about 0.01 ppm.

1. Introduction

Methylene orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) are types of dye materials and they are important and major pollutants of certain industrial effluents [1]. They are highly toxic to aerobic and aquatic life, and they have carcinogenic in humans, mutagenic potential [2, 3], and neurotoxicity [4]. In the past two decades, many researchers have focused on removal and detection of dyes, such as MO and MB, from environmental areas and wastewater [1]. Many methods that are based on biological [5], chemical, and physical properties of materials [6] have been used to degrade MO and MB. The conventional methods including electrooxidation [7], electro-Fenton [8], adsorption [9], ozone [10], photocatalytic [11], and reverse osmosis [12]. The electrooxidation method is an attractive technique used to treat textile effluents [13], while decontamination of the wastewater depends on the work electrodes in electrochemical reactors [14]. Copper, zinc, platinum, and aluminum were used as cathode material [14] to degrade MO and MB using an electrooxidation technique. These techniques have limitations, however, in terms of achieving complete degradation of the dyes in wastewater or environmental areas. Therefore, a lot of materials have been used to treat wastewater including zeolite, clay, and carbon-based sorbents [15]. The nanomaterials have unique chemical and physical properties including high photocatalytic activity and nontoxicity [15]. Hence, nanoparticles were used to enhance the physical, biological, and chemical properties of absorbance composites and methods for degradation and decolorization of wastewater [16]. These nanoparticles tend to aggregate, and they can decrease the activity [16, 17] of dyes. Silver [18], gold [19], nickel [20], iron [21], and zinc oxide [15] nanoparticles were the conventional nanoparticles used to degrade and treat the environment and wastewater. Therefore, the investigation of nanoparticles is thus a significant topic to examine to detect and degrade dye materials such as MO and MB.

Magnetic nanoparticles are an attractive class of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. They have a large surface area, high magnetic properties, and a high adsorption rate and efficiency [22, 23]. Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles [23], ferrite (Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles [24], magnetite/carbon nanocomposite iron nanoparticles [25], and cobalt-zinc ferrite nanoadsorbents [26] were used to remove and purify the wastewater. Kinetic studies of them for dye adsorption fit the second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm [23, 25] well. Hence, the application of magnetic nanoparticles is a connivance method for detecting and degrading pollution in an environmental area.

The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a versatile and high potential optical method use to consider a biosensor and sensor. The SPR is due to the interaction of light with charge density at the interface of gold layer and a dielectric medium. The SPR is an accurate method for detecting the low concentration of biomolecules and toxic chemicals. To increase the sensitivity and selectivity of the SPR sensor, the gold layer can be modified by polymer and polymer nanomaterials.

Nanomaterials such as gold, silver, zinc oxide, and magmatic nanoparticles have been used to improve the surface of gold layer to enhance the selectivity, sensitivity, and response time of the SPR sensor. Magnetic nanoparticles including CaFe₂O₄ NPs have superparamagnetic nature in the room temperature and they are biocompatible; hence, they have high potential to use in sensor and biosensor application and they used to detect and recognize the wide range of chemical and biochemical molecular including heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, enzymes, and tumor cells [27]. Moreover, chitosan has high compatibility with CaFe₂O₄ nanoparticles for sensor and degradation of toxic chemical and bimolecular [28]. Polypyrrole is a conductive polymer and it can enhance the SPR signal. Therefore, the polymer composite based on polypyrrole, chitosan, and CaFe₂O₄ is one of the suitable nanocomposites to improve the surface of gold layer in the SPR sensor. Hence, in this study, a polypyrrole-chitosan-CaFe₂O₄ NP was used to improve the surface of gold layer to detect and measure the low concentration of MO and MB using the SPR technique.

The objective of this study, therefore, is the electrochemical preparation of polypyrrole-chitosan-CaFe₂O₄ (PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄) to modify the gold layer to be a sensing layer that can detect MO and MB. Because the electron transfer is very slow in the polypyrrole-chitosan layer [29, 30], the magnetic nanoparticle needs to be coupled with PPy-Chi for the sensor application to increase the sensitivity of the sensor.

The detection of MO and MB is an attractive topic in the sensor field because it has an extensive application for both the environment and health care. In this current study, a polypyrrole-chitosan-CaFe₂O₄ thin layer was prepared using the electrodeposition technique. The prepared layer was tested using the field effect scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), the X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and the Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Thus, the characterized thin layer was used to detect MO and MB using the surface plasmon resonance technique.

2. Methodology

2.1. Reagents

Commercial, iron nitrate (Fe(NO₃)₃·₉H₂O, 99%), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, 99%), polyvinyl alcohol (), lithium perchlorate (99%), chitosan, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company. Methylene orange and methylene blue were provided from R&M and Systerm Companies, respectively. The reference electrode was saturated calomel electros (SCE) from BASi Company.

2.2. Preparation of MO and MB

0.1 g of MO and MB was dissolved separately in 100 ml of the deionized distilled water (DDW) to prepare the 100 ppm solution. The high concentration of solution was systematically dissolved on the DDW to obtain the 0.01 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 1 ppm, 3 ppm, 5 ppm, 7 ppm, 10 ppm, and 20 ppm.

2.3. Preparation of PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ Composite Layer

2.3.1. Synthesis of CaFe₂O₄

Priority to synthesize a PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ nanocomposite layer, PVA/CaFe₂O₄ nanocomposite was synthesized using the thermal treatment method [31–33]. Ca(NO₃)₂·H₂O, Fe(NO₃)₃·H₂O, DDW, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used to precursors, solvent, and capping agent, respectively [31].

3.5 g of PVA was dissolved in 100 ml of DDW at 353. After that, 0.2 mmol Fe(NO₃)₃·H₂O and 0.1 mmol Ca(NO₃)₂·H₂ () were added into the PVA solution and the mixture was stirred constantly for 1.5 h, and a clear solution was obtained. The clear mixture was heated at 362 K for 24 h to remove the solvent (DDW) and the solid CaFe₂O₄ was reminded. The product was grounded in a mortar to obtain the uniform powder and it was heated at 830 K for crystallization of nanocrystal and decomposition of the PVA. Final powder was used to prepare the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄.

2.3.2. Synthesis of PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ Composite Layer

The electropolymerization of the polypyrrole-chitosan-CaFe₂O₄ on the surface of the gold coated glass slide (gold/PPy-Chi-Fe₂O₄) was carried out using the amperometry method. The monomer solution contains mixed electrolytes in a 0.1 M phosphate-buffered solution (pH 7.2), 0.1 M pyrrole monomer, 0.1 M LiClO₄ as a dopant, 0.1 M chitosan, and 0.05 grams of the CaFe₂O₄. The electrolyte was stirred during electrodeposition to make sure there is no precipitation. The working electrode, reference electrode, and counter electrode were gold-coated glass slide, saturated calomel electros (SCE), and platinum electrode, respectively. The polymerization of pyrrole was carried out at the constant potential of 0.8 V in the presence of chitosan and CaFe₂O₄ nanoparticles at the different times in the range of 20 s to 1000 s. The prepared samples were put in the oven for 2 h to dry layer. The PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layers were characterized using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR; model: NEXUS), the X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD; WITec, Alpha 300R with Shimadzu diffractometer: model XRD6000 and Cu, Ka (0.154 nm)), and the field effect scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; NOVA NANOSEM 230), and the chemical elements were evaluated using the energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) from Oxford Instruments (X-Max).

2.4. SPR Setup

The SPR setup based on the Kretschmann configuration with prism coupling was used to measure the low concentration of MO and MB. Figure 1 shows the homemade SPR setup based on angular modulation and the laser beam intensity was registered using photodetector and a lock-in amplifier (Stanford Research) at different angles.

The gold layer was modified using the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ nanocomposite layer (sensing layer). The gold layer/PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ layer was coated on the glass slide which was attached to a high index prism (SF52, Foctek) using index matching gel (F-IMF-105, Newport, USA) [34, 35]. The prism was placed on a precision rotation stage, and the sample tank was attached to prism and sensing layer. MO and MB were flowed separately into the tank to interact with sensing layer. The prism was rotated up to 20° at increments of a 0.1°. The polarizer provided the TM mode and the surface plasmon wave was exited. Hence, the intensity of laser beam changed due to rotation of prism. The variation of laser beam intensity with the angle was registered, when the prism was stopped momentarily.

The experiment was repeated separately for each sample about 10 times. SPR signal was analyzed using Fresnel’s theory based on the matrix method for a multilayer system [36–38].

Fresnel’s theory in the matrix form for multilayer was used [39] to analyze SPR signal using computer program. The root square method was considered to find the resonance angle as follows: where and are the computed reflectivity from Fresnel’s theory and the experimental reflectivity, respectively. , , , , , and are the resonance angle, refractive index of gold layer, analyte (water or solvent), sensing layer, thicknesses of sensing layer, and gold layer, respectively. The SPR signal was analyzed based on Fresnel’s theory related to the parallel layers.

As a literature, the SPR signal was obtained, when the transverse magnetic mode (TM) interacts with the metal layer and it occurred at the interface of medium with opposite dialectic sign. Therefore, the reflection coefficient of TM mode is as follows: where and are the admittance of layer and multilayer system for TM mode of laser beam. was derived from multiplication of matrix of each layer as follows: where , , , , and are phase, refractive index of ^th layer, thickness of layer, wavelength, and angle of incidence, respectively.

An admittance () of ^th layer is defined as follows:

The refractive index of ^th layer is ( and are the real and imaginary parts of layer), and the reflectivity is [39–41].

3. Results and Discussion

Figures 2(a)–2(d) show the FT-IR spectrum, the XRD spectrum, the FE-SEM image, and the EDX analysis.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The main peaks of the FT-IR spectrum appeared at 3271.47, 2931.3, 1625.50, 1517.50, 1415.11, 1274.58, 998.75, 657.38, and 609.68 cm^-1. The peaks at 3271.47, 1517.50, and 1415.11 cm^-1 correspond to the stretching vibrations of N-H, C-N, and C-C in the pyrrole ring, respectively [42, 43]. The peak centered at 2931.3 cm^-1 was assigned to the asymmetric vibration of CH₂, and the peaks that appeared at 1274.58 and 998.75 cm^-1 were related to the typical C-H deformation and the C-N stretching vibration of PPy, respectively. Moreover, the peaks located at 3271.47 and 2931.3 cm^-1 corresponded to N-H while the vibration of CH₂ of the chitosan chain overlapped on the vibration of N=H and CH₂ in polypyrrole [43]. The peaks at 1625.50, 657.38, and 609.68 cm^-1 presented a vibration of C=O in the amid band, N-H out of plane, and O-H out of plan in chitosan [41].

Figure 2(b) depicts the XRD pattern of the CaFe₂O₄-NPs powder and the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer. In accordance with the literature, the XRD spectrum of PPy-Chi shows a broad peak at 21.4° [44] that explains the PPy-Chi formed in the amorphous form in the thin layer. The XRD pattern of CaFe₂O₄ displays the main peak at 31.1°, 36.4°, 57.3°, 54.5°, and 63.2° which confirm that CaFe₂O₄ has a cubic structure [31]. The XRD pattern of PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ shows its peak at 21.5°, and new peaks at 31.3°, 36.2°, 57.5°, 54.1°, and 63.4° which confirm that CaFe₂O₄ also formed in the composite layer in the cubic structure.

Figures 2(c) and 2(d) show the FE-SEM images and the EDX spectrum of PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄, respectively. As a result, the chitosan agglomerated the polypyrrole during the electropolymerization of pyrrole and the CaFe₂O₄ increased both the agglomeration and coagulation process of pyrrole in the formation of the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer. CaFe₂O₄-NPs impressed the morphology of the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer, and it was scattered on the surface of layer. Figure 2(d) shows the EDX spectrum for the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer.

The main peaks appeared at 0.3, 3.7, 3.95, 6.2, and 6.45 keV. The peaks at 0.3, 3.7, and 3.95 keV corresponded to Ca while the peaks at 6.4 and 6.45 keV were assigned to Fe. Moreover, the EDX spectrum shows peaks at 0.27, 0.5, 1.1, 2.7, and 2.9 keV that related to C, O, Na, and Cl, respectively [31]. The weight % values of Cl, Na, C, and O were 1.27, 0.73, 23.44, and 22.4%, respectively. The contributions of Fe and Ca to the total weight percentage were 17.81% and 34.3%, respectively.

The different thicknesses of PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ were considered to find the refractive index of the sensing layer. The PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer was coated on the surface of the gold layer. The system of gold/PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer was attached to the prism and the DDW () as it flowed in to the sample container that contacted the high index prism. The thickness of the gold layer was 49.5 nm, and the thickness of the sensing layer measured using a profilometer (AMBIOS, XP-200) was in the range of 2.8 nm to 59.5 nm, the refractive index of the gold layer was . The SPR signals of each layer, as presented in Figure 3(a), were registered using a homemade SPR setup. The SPR signals were analyzed using Fresnel’s equations (Equations (1), (2) and (3)) to find the refractive index of the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer. The thickness of the layers, the refractive index of the layers, and the resonance angle of each layer are listed in Table 1. The refractive index of the layers was ranged from to . When the thickness of a layer increased, the real part of the refractive index decreased, while the imaginary part of the refractive index increased. The variation in the real and imaginary parts was opposite to each other and was explained using the Kramers–Kronig formula [33, 45]. The SPR signal was achieved in the 13.6 nm thickness and used as a baseline. Figure 3(b) depicts the baseline, which was achieved at 55.297° when the resonance angle was obtained for the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer in the presence of DDW and without any impurities (MO and MB).

(a)

(b)

The MO and MB solutions in concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 5, 10, and 20 ppm were separately put in contact to PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ via a sample tank. The variation in the resonance angle was registered during the 420 s for different concentrations of MO and MB. Figures 4(a) and 4(b) show the variation in the resonance angle shift over time (sensogram) for MO and MB, respectively. As a result, the resonance angle shift increased when the concentration of MO and MB was increased. The minimum variation of the resonance angle shift was achieved with a 0.01 ppm concentration of MO and MB, and the saturation value () occurred after 350 seconds. The value of the resonance angle shift at 420 seconds was considered to obtain the variation of the resonance angle shift with a concentration of MO and MB. Figure 4(c) depicts the variation in the resonance angle shift with different concentrations of MO and MB. The doted points are the experimental value of resonance angle shift and the value of the resonance angle shift at the saturation () part, respectively, and solid lines are Langmuir’s formula as follows [26, 41, 46]: where , , and are the resonance angle shift at the maximum value, the concentration of analyte, and the affinity constant, respectively. The affinity constants for MO and MB were about 2.138 and 4.483, respectively. These results authenticated that the experimental value fit Langmuir’s theory well. Figure 4(c) shows that the variation in the resonance angle shift for different concentrations of MB is larger than the variation of resonance angle shift for different concentrations of MO and confirms that the binding and interaction of MB with the sensing layer is stronger than the interaction of MO with the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer.

(a)

(b)

(c)

The concentration of MO and MB was measured for 1 ppm using the UV-vis spectrum. The MO and MB in 1 ppm were separately put in the contact with the sensing layer and the concentration of samples was measured before and after the interaction of the sensing layer with MO and MB. Figures 5(a) and 5(b) show the UV-Vis spectra for MO and MB in 1 ppm, 3 ppm, 5 ppm, and 7 ppm as standard samples. The calibration curves are derived in Figures 5(A2) and 5(B2) for MB and MO, respectively. Figures 5(A1) and 5(B1) depict the UV-Vis spectra for MB and MO solutions after the interaction with the sensing layer. As a result, the concentrations of MB and MO were 0.082 ppm and 0.38 ppm.

(a)

(b)

If the and were the initial and final concentrations of samples, respectively, the degree of sensing layer absorption for MB and MO was estimated using [33, 47, 48]. Therefore, the degree of absorption [49, 50] for MB and MO was achieved at 91.8% and 62%, respectively. Consequently, MB has a higher tendency to interact with the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer.

Figure 6(a) shows the FT-IR result after the experiment and contact Mb with the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ sensing layer. The main peaks appeared at 3160.80, 2927.46, 1652.72, 1619.93, 1564.01, 1407.80, 1351.83, 1224.59, 1290.16, 1087.67, and 929.53 cm^-1. The peaks at 1652.72, 1351.83, 1224.59, 1087.67, and 929.53 cm^-1 corresponded to the C-N⁺(CH₃)₂ stretching vibrations [34], stretching vibration of the C-N [34], C-H bond vibrations [34], C-S-C vibration [35] of MB, and bound vibration of C-H in MB [51], respectively. The peak occurred at 1564.01 cm^-1 is related to C=N and C=C vibration of MB [34]. The peak at 1407.80 cm^-1 assigned the aromatic ring vibration in MB. Consequently, these peaks authenticated the interaction of MB with sensing layer. The peaks at 3160.80, 2927.46, 1619.93, and 1290.16 cm^-1 related to functional group of PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer. If these peaks are compared with the main peaks which were appeared in Figure 2(a), it obtains that the main peaks in the FT-IR spectrum (Figure 6(a)) have a shift after the interaction of the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ sensing layer with MB.

(a)

(b)

Figure 6(b) depicts the FT-IR spectrum of PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ sensing layer after interaction with MO. The peaks at 3251.44 and 2923.6 cm^-1 related to PPy and Chi. The peaks at 3251.44 and 2923.60 cm^-1 assigned the N-H stretching vibration and C-H stretching vibration in MO and chitosan that overlapped to gather. The peaks at 1619.93, 1494.58, 917.96, 625, 569, and 540 cm^-1 corresponded to functional groups of PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer. If these peaks are compared with the similar peaks in Figure 2(a), it obtains that the peaks have a shift. The peaks at 1631.51, 1564.01, 1115.01, and 864.67 cm^-1 related to C=C stretching vibration, –C=C stretching vibration, -S=O stretching vibration, and -C-H bending vibration, in MO [52]. Consequently, the FT-IR spectrum contains the main peaks of PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer and MO, and it confirms the interaction of MO with sensing layer.

Figure 7 shows the mechanism for the interaction and binding of MB and MO with the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer. This binding is based on the electrostatic interaction of delocalized electrons of the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer with MB and MO.

The PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer was synthesized on the surface of the gold thin layer using electropolymerization of the pyrrole. The chitosan and CaFe₂O₄-NPs were presented during the formation of that PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer in the solution.

The main components that were attracted and interacted with the MO and MB were CaFe₂O₄-NPs and chitosan by transfer electron. Poly(b-1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose is chitosan, and it was achieved from chitin by a full alkaline N-deactylation of the main chitin. The hydroxyl and amino (–NH₂)⁺ tail groups of the chitosan interacted with MO and MB, [48, 53, 54]. Moreover, the MB placed a positive electrical charge on the (-NH₂)⁺ tail [48] which has a tendency to interact with CaFe₂O₄-NPs. Hence, the CaFe₂O₄, the amino group of chitosan, are the essential component and functional group that are implicated in binding MO and MB to the sensing layer. MO has a negative charge density on the (-SO₃Na)^- [48] and was immobilized on the chitosan via the amino group in the square plan of the chitosan molecule structure, and MB was absorbed and immobilized via CaFe₂O₄-NPs (see Figure 7) and the hydroxyl group in the plan for the chitosan structure [55, 56]. Accordingly, the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ nanocomposite sensing layer has a strong interaction with MB. Consequently, as seen in Figure 4, the resonance angle shift to detect MB is larger than the resonance angle shift and the response of the sensing layer to detect MO.

4. Conclusion

The PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer was prepared in different thicknesses in the range of 2.8 nm to 59.5 nm using the electrodeposition technique. The composite layer was characterized with analytical methods including the FT-IR, FE-SEM, and XRD techniques, and they confirmed the CaFe₂O₄ was formed in the polypyrrole and chitosan composite. The refractive index of each layer was measured using the SPR technique prior to them use for detection of MO and MB. Therefore, the refractive indies were in the range of to . The thickness and imaginary part of the composite layer increased by increasing the electrodeposition time while the real part of refractive index decreased when the thickness of the layer increased. The SPR experiment was carried out to detect the MO and MB in aqueous solutions for concentration of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, and 20 ppm. The variation of resonance angle with time and the variation of resonance angle with concentrations of MO and MB were achieved, and the experimental results fitted with Langmuir’s theory. Consequently, the resonance angle shift increased in the presence of MO and MB, and the limit sensor was about 0.01 ppm. The variation in the resonance angle shift for MB was larger than the variation of resonance angle shift for MO. The FT-IR spectra of sensing layer after the sensing of MO and MB using PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ composite layer confirmed the MO and MB were interacted with sensing layer. Consequently, the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ noncomposite layer can detect the cationic and anionic dyes, while the sensitivity of the PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ thin layer to detect MB is higher than sensitivity for MO.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge funding from the Universiti Putra Malaysia, under Geran Putra Berimpak (UPM/800-3/3/1/GPB/2019/9674700) and Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA) UPM for providing the analytical facilities.

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Copyright © 2020 Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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International Journal of Polymer Science

Polypyrrole-Chitosan-CaFe2O4 Layer Sensor for Detection of Anionic and Cationic Dye Using Surface Plasmon Resonance

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Methodology

2.1. Reagents

2.2. Preparation of MO and MB

2.3. Preparation of PPy-Chi-CaFe2O4 Composite Layer

2.3.1. Synthesis of CaFe2O4

2.3.2. Synthesis of PPy-Chi-CaFe2O4 Composite Layer

2.4. SPR Setup

3. Results and Discussion

4. Conclusion

Data Availability

Conflicts of Interest

Acknowledgments

References

Copyright

Polypyrrole-Chitosan-CaFe₂O₄ Layer Sensor for Detection of Anionic and Cationic Dye Using Surface Plasmon Resonance

2.3. Preparation of PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ Composite Layer

2.3.1. Synthesis of CaFe₂O₄

2.3.2. Synthesis of PPy-Chi-CaFe₂O₄ Composite Layer