Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels: The Old and New Functional Materials

Table 1

Self-healing properties of some reported PVA materials.

Synthetic strategy	Mechanical property	Healing time	Healing efficiency	Ref.
Hydrogen bond	Fracture stress ~105 kPa	10 s to 48 h	Up to 70%	15
Synergistic crosslinking of bimetallic ions	, ,	<60 s	Up to 95%	98
Hydrogen bond	Compression modulus is 39.6 kPa~74.0 kPa,	≥4.68 min	63.21%	101
Reversible hydrogen bond	,	~10 min	/	102
Hydrogen bond	Tensile stress ≈60 kPa	<24 h	~74%	134