Evaluation of Fracture Toughness, Color Stability, and Sorption Solubility of a Fabricated Novel Glass Ionomer Nano Zirconia-Silica-Hydroxyapatite Hybrid Composite Material

Table 2

The mean fracture toughness of cGIC and GIC nanoZrO₂-SiO₂-HA using one-way ANOVA.

Groups	Sample size ()	Mean (MPa.m^1/2)	Std. deviation	Std. error	Minimum (MPa.m^1/2)	Maximum (MPa.m^1/2)
cGIC	10	0.780^b,c,d,e	0.205	0.065	0.524	1.152
GIC 3%nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA	10	1.164^a	0.112	0.035	0.980	1.340
GIC 5%nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA	10	1.354^a,d,e	0.157	0.049	1.168	1.650
GIC 7%nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA	10	1.099^a,c	0.132	0.041	0.877	1.241
GIC 9%nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA	10	1.052^a,c	0.147	0.046	0.745	1.245

In each column, a different superscript alphabet indicates a significant difference between each group () (, , , , and ).