A Novel Study of Synthesis and Experimental Investigation on Hybrid Biocomposites for Biomedical Orthopedic Application

Rao, C. V. Subba; Sabitha, R.; Murugan, P.; Rao, S. Rama; Anitha, K.; Rao, Y. Sesha

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7549048

International Journal of Polymer Science

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

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Application of Natural Biopolymers in Regenerative Medicine

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 7549048 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7549048

A Novel Study of Synthesis and Experimental Investigation on Hybrid Biocomposites for Biomedical Orthopedic Application

C. V. Subba Rao,¹R. Sabitha,²P. Murugan,³S. Rama Rao,⁴K. Anitha,²and Y. Sesha Rao¹

Academic Editor: Saravanan Ramachandran

Received15 Jul 2021

Revised20 Sept 2021

Accepted08 Nov 2021

Published28 Nov 2021

Abstract

In recent years the biocomposites are highly utilized in the biomedical applications, due to excellent strength as well as weight ratio. A lot of natural fibers, namely, flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, and sisal are cheaply available in colossal amount. Aim of this study, a novel approach, is executed for construction of biomedical orthopedic parts by using mixture of natural fibers. This work handled biocomposites such as flax fiber (FX), chicken feather fiber (CF), kenaf fiber (KF), and rice husk fiber (RH) effectively. From all these composites, four sets of mixed fibers with reinforcement of polylactic acid polymer used for creating orthopedic parts. The hand-lay-based methodology is undertaken for preparation of hybrid biocomposites. Parameters involved for this study are fiber types (KF + RH, RH + FX, FX + CF, and CF + KF), laminate count (2, 4, 6 and 8) infill density (30%, 60%, 90%, and 120%), and raster angle (0/60, 30/120, 50/140, and 70/160). Finding of this work is dimensional accuracy, flexural strength, and shore hardness that are analyzed by L16 orthogonal array. ANOVA statistical analysis is enhanced and enlightens the results of flexural strength and source hardness of the biocomposites. Amongst in four parameters, the fiber type parameter extremely contributes such as 40.50% in the flexural analysis. Similarly, laminate count parameter highly contributes such as 31.01% in the shore hardness analysis.

1. Introduction

In recent trends, the biomedical applications are fulfilled by the composite material especially biocomposites. The natural fibers are produced the biocomposites with reinforcement of polymer. Natural fibers possess low weight and high strength; hence, it has used in the industrial applications particularly in medical appliances. It has best suited for preparation of composites due to no environmental affects for humans. Biocomposites are prepared by blending of biofibers, namely, jute, hemp, kenaf, and sisal. Biocomposites are employed hugely in biomedical applications. Few of the biocomposites applications are tissue engineering, orthopedics, dental post, bone plate, composite pins, screws, and clips in spinal fusion. The study of chemical treatment to the natural fibers is vital role in composite preparation. Flax fiber was considered the chemical processing with 80 hours in room temperature [1]. Using of cotton cellulose and nanohydroxyapatite is excellent use in bone tissue engineering. Morphological study of the electrospun and thermal analysis is major role in the tissue engineering [2]. In bioengineering, the bone study is conducted, and the two cell lines designate the cell and proportional cell feasibility study through PVP concerned samples [3]. Blending of polylactic acid and polycaprolactone polymers into the hydroxyapatite (nHA) on the shape memory performance is conducted. The morphology study is carried out by applying of field emission scanning electron microscopy [4, 5]. A strong literature review is made on the natural fibers with forming of hybridization composites. The prepared composites are analyzed, parameters influences are studied, and the synthetic and natural fibers properties are briefly surveyed. Authors are putting effort to review the resulting properties of hybrid composites, namely, mechanical, thermal, water absorption, tribological behavior, and morphological [6]. In the human health bone, problems are rectified by using of biocomposites materials, and fracture of the bone is corrected by newly prepared biocomposites. Biodegradable polyesters are highly influenced in the bone engineering products, namely, implants and surgical tubing [7]. Biocomposite materials are produced by man-made effort that fibers are replace of living tissues of the human body. Human functions are restored by using of biocomposite devices named as biosensors, pacemakers, and artificial hearts [8]. The plan of this investigation is focused on the orthopedic applications by using of natural fibers such as flax fiber, chicken feather fiber, kenaf fiber, and rice husk fiber. Considered the reinforcement of polymer such as polylactic acid with the natural fibers are enhance the flexural strength and shore hardness of the biocomposites. Taguchi statistical analysis is conducted for this experimental work to improve the strength of the biocomposites [9]. Novelty of this work is combined of different natural fibers. Different combinations of fibers are offered good flexural strength and shore hardness compared to the previous research results. Novelty implemented is reflected in the results such as pair of natural fibers that enhanced the composite strength [10].

2. Materials and Methods

The objective of this study is preparing the hybrid biocomposites for orthopedic applications with using of different natural fibers. The fibers are namely flax fiber (FX), chicken feather fiber (CF), kenaf fiber (KF), and rice husk fiber (RH). All the fibers are procured from Vruksha Composites & Services, Chennai. The PLA—polylactic acid polymers—is selected for this work to reinforce into the natural fibers [11]. PLA is highly enhanced by the flexural strength and hardness of the prepared biocomposites. This composite is vastly used in the biomedical applications such as orthopedic parts [12]. Required quantity of polylactic acid polymers is procured from Natur Tec India Private Limited. The composites are prepared by hand-lay methodology with effective use of PLA polymer. Steel mould and hand roller tools are utilized to prepare the composites by the way of hand layup methodology. Using of P ratham 5.0 3D Printer (Make: Pratham, India), it can be operated by Repetier, Slicer software package. Pratham 5.0 delivers the molten material with the nozzle dimensions of 0.4 mm.

3. Experimental Procedure

There are multiple stages that are involved to clean the fibers, and it can be discussed in detail manner. Initially, the cleansing process is carried out to clean the fibers thoroughly with the help of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Taken of 30 liters of distilled water with mixing of 300 ml of 35% solution, namely, sodium hypochlorite, is in a vessel [13, 14]. Stirring action is maintained at a frequency level of 15 Hz with a time period of 45 min. This cleaning process carried out three times for achieve healthy fibers [15]. Further continue of washing process of the fibers is carried out by using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Using of this process, taken of 150 ml of 20% solution of H₂O₂ is mixed in 30 liters of distilled water; the homogeneous mixing is obtained by maintaining of 10 Hz and 45 min. Finally, completions of chemical processing all the fibers are dried well for 20 hrs with 600°C with the aid of hot air oven [16, 17]. In this experimental work, the automatic fiber placing mechanism is accomplished in the fiber count as well as uniform placing of the fibers [18]. The different natural fibers are chosen for this experimental work that is illustrated in Figure 1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The composite specimen is prepared as per the ASTM D790 standard for conducting of flexural test to find the strength of the specimens. Using of solid work software package in the 3D model of the specimens is to be created as shown in Figure 2. Created 3D model is exported into the FDM machine with stereolithography layout, and this format is used for easy accessible in printing [19]. Applying of hand-lay technique, the fibers are inserted into the specimen with PLA polymer reinforcements through manually. Insertion of layer of fiber, laminate count, infill density, and raster angle is predetermined with the help of vast literature study [20–22]. The process parameters and the values of the biocomposites are presented in Table 1.

The Taguchi L16 OA is selected for estimate of the parameters that influence as well as the outcome of the work by Taguchi statistical tool.

3.1. Dimensional Accurateness

Dimensional accurateness of the composite structures is analyses by using of a digital Vernier calliper under the least count of 0.01 mm: make: aerospace. Dimensional accurateness is based on the thickness of the composite structure in this work; the insertion of fibers has the higher influence in the strength of the composites [23–25]. Dimensional accurateness is estimated by the difference between dimensions of the specimen in design stage and the production stage.

3.2. Shore-D Hardness

Shore hardness is measured in the prepared biocomposites by shore hardness tester (make: Linear Instruments Chennai), avoiding the human and environmental errors while in hardness testing by taken of readings in three times for each specimen finally considered the average values [26].

3.3. Flexural Testing

Using of universal testing machine the flexural test is conducted, the UTM Make: Universal grip company, Salem. This machine having a 5 kN load cell generally the testing speed for polymer composite material is set by 3 mm/min based on the ASTM standard [27]. The bottom portion of the UTM machine is utilized for conducting of flexural test, and the specimen is placed horizontally in the fixtures [28–30]. Three point flexural tests are implemented for this investigation as shown in Figure 3.

The load is acting on the center portion of the specimen with suggested span-to-depth ratio that is 18 : 1. The flexural readings are displayed digitally with the aid of computer control accessories [31–33].

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Flexural Strength

Table 2 presents the summary of flexural strength and S/N ratio of the investigation. Maximum flexural strength was obtained as 24.89 MPa by influencing of combination of chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber, laminate count of 6, infill density of 60%, and raster angle of 70/160.

Tables 3 and 4 present the response tables for means and S/N ratio of the flexural strength [34]. Based on the rank order, the types of fiber are highly influenced and followed by raster angle, infill density, and laminate count. The optimal parameters were obtained as mixture of chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber, 6 counts of laminates, 60% of infill density, and 70/120 of raster angle [35].

Figures 4 and 5 present the main effect plots for both means and S/N ratio of flexural strength. Based on the types of fibers, the mixture of chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber offered excellent flexural strength compared to other mixture of fibers. Mixture of kenaf fiber and rice husk provided minimum flexural strength [36].

Taken of laminate count the 4 number of laminates offered good flexural strength, further increasing of laminate count the strength has to be gradually decreased [37]. Infill density 60% provided the maximum flexural strength, continually increasing of infill density, and the flexural strength is decreased in little amount. Raster angle is one of the important factor for deciding the flexural strength; here, maximum flexural strength offered by influence of higher angle 70/160.

Figure 6 shows the interval plot of flexural strength and all parameter effects in a single plot. This plot shows that the maximum of flexural strength was found around 25 MPa of flexural strength. Parameter effects were concluded as mixture of chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber, 6 counts of laminates, 60% of infill density, and 70/120 of raster angle.

Figures 7–10 illustrate the 3D plot for the correlation between two parameters; Figure 7 presents the maximum flexural strength by chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber relations to 6 counts of laminates [38]. Figure 8 illustrates that the 6 counts of laminates and 60% of infill density registered as excellent flexural strength. Figure 9 presents the 60% of infill density, and 70/120 of raster angle recorded more flexural strength. Figure 10 shows that the 70/120 of raster angle and chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber combination registered as higher flexural strength [39].

Table 5 presented the analysis of variance of flexural strength effectively, among in all four parameters, the fiber type parameter was highly influenced such as 40.50%, followed by raster angle (22.850%), infill density (11.67%), and laminate count (8.54%).

4.2. Shore Hardness

Table 6 presents the summary of shore hardness and S/N ratio of the investigations. Highest shore hardness was found as 78.25 HD by influencing of blend of flax fiber and chicken feather fiber, minimum laminate count such as 2, 90% of infill density, and maximum raster angle (70/160).

Tables 7 and 8 present the response tables for means and S/N ratio of the shore hardness of the composite materials. Among in four parameters, the laminate count was the chief factor to effects in the shore hardness analysis. There parameter effects were analyzed through the rank order; in second rank, the raster angle was contributed’; in third, rank fiber types was influenced; finally, the infill density was involved as fourth rank of the analysis. In shore hardness analysis, the optimum parameters were found to be as mixture of rice husk fiber and flax fiber, laminate count was 4, infill density was 120%. and raster angle was 0/45.

Figures 11 and 12 illustrate the main effect plot for both means and S/N ratio of shore hardness. These plots clearly demonstrated the all four factors and the influences in the response values. From the analysis, the types of fibers, the mixture of flax fiber, and chicken feather fiber registered exceptional shore hardness contrast to remaining mixture of fibers. In the consideration of laminate count parameter, minimum count such as 2 offered better shore hardness. Increasing of laminate count decreases the shore hardness values. Parameter of infill density influences highly, and increasing of infill density raises the shore hardness values. Maximum hardness was obtained by using of 12.5 of infill density. Minimum raster angle parameter such as 0/60 recorded maximum shore hardness, and increasing of raster angle decreases the shore hardness values.

Figure 13 presents the interval plot of shore hardness with effects of all parameters in a single plot. From this plot, the highest shore hardness was noted clearly that the value of maximum shore hardness values reached 80 HD. All parameters were extremely influenced, and the effects were concluded as blending of chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber, 8 counts of laminates, 30% of infill density, and 50/140 provided extreme value of hardness.

Figures 14–17 demonstrate the 3D plot with the relationship between two parameters, and Figure 14 illustrates that the maximum shore hardness by involvement of chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber links to 8 counts of laminates. Figure 15 presents the correlations of 8 counts of laminates and 30% of infill density found as excellent shore hardness Figure 16 represents the 30% of infill density, and 50/140 of raster angle offered more shore hardness. Figure 17 shows that the 50/140 of raster angle and chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber amalgamation recorded superior shore hardness.

Table 9 presents the analysis of variance of shore hardness efficiently; amongst in all four parameters, the laminate count parameter was extremely influenced such as 31.01%, pursued by raster angle (27.35%), fiber types (25.85%), and infill density (9.71%).

5. Conclusion

Biomedical applications such as orthopedic parts were produced by using of biocomposites, namely, flax fiber, chicken feather fiber, kenaf fiber, and rice husk fiber. PLA, polylactic acid polymer, was used as reinforced into the selected natural fibers to improve the flexural strength and shore hardness of the biocomposites. Taguchi optimization was involved to maximize the outcome of this investigation and estimated the optimal parameters. Results of this investigation were summarized as follows: (i)In the flexural analysis, the maximum flexural strength was recorded as 24.89 MPa. The optimal parameters were attained as combination of chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber, 6 counts of laminates, 60% of infill density, and 70/120 of raster angle. Mixture of chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber offered remarkable flexural strength compared to other mixture of fibers. Among in four parameters, the fiber type parameter was extraordinarily influenced such as 40.50%, followed by raster angle (22.850%), infill density (11.67%), and laminate count (8.54%)(ii)From shore hardness analysis, the highest shore hardness was found as 78.25 HD. The optimum parameters were registered as mixture of rice husk fiber and flax fiber, laminate counts were 4, infill density was 120%, and raster angle was 0/45. Mixture of flax fiber and chicken feather fiber provided excellent shore hardness compare to remaining mixture of fibers. Amid in four parameters, the laminate count parameter was exceptionally influenced such as 31.01%, followed by raster angle (27.35%), fiber types (25.85%), and infill density (9.71%)(iii)In the flexural analysis, 60% of infill density and 70/120 of raster angle recorded more flexural strength. Similarly, 70/120 of raster angle and chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber combination registered as higher flexural strength(iv)In shore hardness analysis, 8 counts of laminates and 30% of infill density recorded as excellent shore hardness. Similarly, 30% of infill density and 50/140 of raster angle offered more shore hardness. The 50/140 of raster angle and chicken feather fiber and kenaf fiber combination recorded better shore hardness

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included in the article. Should further data or information be required, these are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the technical assistance to complete this experimental work from Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia. The authors thank Saveetha School of Engineering-Chennai for the support of technical assistance to complete this experimental work and also draft writing.

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Copyright © 2021 C. V. Subba Rao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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