Polydopamine Induced Wettability Switching of Cellulose Nanofibers/n-Dodecanethiol Composite Aerogels

Gao, Runan; Shang, Ying; Jiao, Peng; Jiao, Yue; Li, Jian; Lu, Yun

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5048717

International Journal of Polymer Science

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Abstract Introduction Characterization Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

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Durability and Modification of Bamboo and Wood Surfaces

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 5048717 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5048717

Polydopamine Induced Wettability Switching of Cellulose Nanofibers/n-Dodecanethiol Composite Aerogels

Runan Gao,¹Ying Shang,¹Peng Jiao,¹Yue Jiao,²Jian Li,¹and Yun Lu³

Academic Editor: Antonio Caggiano

Received04 Jun 2021

Revised07 Nov 2021

Accepted04 Dec 2021

Published11 Jan 2022

Abstract

The novel wettability switchable cellulose nanofiber- (CNF-) based aerogel was conveniently prepared by polydopamine mediated composition of CNF and n-dodecanethiol. The wettability of aerogels can be controlled by adjusting the PDA and n-dodecanethiol loading content, which leads to a variation of water contact angle from 0-149°. The PDA was coated on cellulose nanofibers via hydrogen bonds and then n-dodecanethiol was anchored onto the scaffolds by Michael addition reaction, which was revealed by XPS and FTIR spectra. The composite aerogel can selectively absorb a series of oily liquids from the oil/water mixture, with the maximum absorption capacity of 68 g/g. This work presented a facile strategy to prepare wettability switchable CNF-based heterogenous aerogel and exhibited the potential of the composite aerogel for oil/water separation.

1. Introduction

Water pollutant caused by oily liquid spillage is an ongoing problem which is of great urgency to solve worldwide [1, 2]. Common remediation strategies include biological treatment, coagulation-flocculation, in situ burning, and physical oil/water separation. Among them, physical collection/separation with absorbents or filters excels in high efficiency, secondary pollution-free, and potential for oil reclamation [3–8]. Synthetic porous materials and carbon-based sponge have been extensively investigated for oily wastewater remediation [9, 10]. Delicate surface modification endows them with special wettability and thus selective oil/water separation performance. However, these materials suffer from complicated synthesis, nondegradable composition posing environmental problems.

CNF aerogel has received widely attention due to its sustainability, biocompatibility, and degradability [11–14]. In addition, unique properties including high porosity, large specific surface, and rich in oxygen-containing groups [15–18] make CNF aerogel a promising material for water remediation [19, 20]. However, when dealing with oily contamination, the intrinsic hydrophilicity of cellulose hindered its use in selective oil/water separation. Many efforts have been devoted to switch the wettability of CNF aerogels. For instance, plasma etching [21, 22] and atomic layer deposition [7] techniques have been reported to create hydrophobic CNF surface. Recently, the chemical vapor deposition and aqueous silylation strategies are widely adapted to alter the wettability of CNF aerogels [23, 24]. However, most of them suffer from high-cost fabrication procedure and toxic chemicals. Therefore, to develop a facile and universal wettability switching strategy is important for fabricating potential scalable CNF-based oil/water separation materials.

Polydopamine (PDA), a biomimetic polymer of adhesive protein in mussel, has received great attention due to its universal adhesion ability. Polydopamine is capable of coating on virtually all kinds of surface. Functional groups on PDA such as catechol, amine, and imine make it popular for secondary modification. PDA has been extensively coated on organic/inorganic substrates for fabricating superwetting materials, adsorbent materials, photothermal materials, catalytic materials, and so on. For instance, Zheng et al. coated PDA magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles to form PDA-Fe₃O₄ core-shell structure with enhanced near-infrared irradiation absorption, and thus, an enhanced photothermal effect. Shao et al. used PDA coating as the “bio-glue” to bridge polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane and TiO₂ particles to fabricate ultrafiltration membranes [25, 26, 27].

Recently, PDA surface chemistry has been widely applied to cellulose-based materials including natural fiber [28–30], cellulose nanocrystals [31, 32], electrospun cellulose nanyrans [33–35], and CNF [36–38] to facilely fabricating functional materials. Here, we report a facile approach to prepared hydrophobic CNF aerogels. Simply by one-step reaction followed by freeze-drying, composite aerogel with high water contact angle (WCA) of 149° was obtained. PDA was coated on CNF and worked as the anchor to bridge hydrophobic n-dodecanethiol (DDT) molecules. The effect of PDA and DDT loading concentration on wettability was investigated, and the composition mechanism between heterogenous molecules was discussed in this paper.

2. Experiments

Pine needles of Larix gmelini were collected on the campus of Northeast Forestry University. Dopamine hydrochloride (DA), tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (Tris), tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl), n-Dodecanethiol (DDT) was purchased from Aladdin reagent.

CNF was prepared as previously reported method [39]. Add 1.77 g Tris-HCl and 3.5 g Tris to 400 mL CNF suspension (0.1 wt%) to prepare CNF-Tris solution (). Divide the CNF-Tris solution (400 mL) equally into 4 beakers, add 20, 50, 100, and 200 mg of DA, respectively, and react for 24 h at room temperature. The product was washed with distilled water until . Dilute the solution with the concentration of 0.05 wt%. Diluted product was freeze-dried at -50°C for 48 h to obtain PDA@CNF composite framework. According to the dosage of DA, the samples were recorded as 0.2PDA@CNF, 0.5PDA@CNF, 1PDA@CNF, and 2PDA@CNF. Obtained samples were kept in desiccator for SEM investigation.

For preparing hydrophobic aerogels, likewise, different PDA@CNF suspensions were prepared first, then 10 mL ethanol containing 1 mL DDT was dispersed in different PDA@CNF solutions, magnetically stir for 48 h, after which resulting samples were washed with distilled water for three times. After removing the excess liquid, the samples were poured into molds and freeze-dried at -50°C for 48 h to obtain the DDT-PDA@CNF aerogels. According to the different dosage of DA, the materials are denoted as DDT-0.2PDA@CNF, DDT-0.5PDA@CNF, DDT-1PDA@CNF, and DDT-2PDA@CNF.

3. Characterization

Morphology of the samples was characterized with Scanning Hitachi JSM-7500F scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data was recorded with Nicolet Nexus 670, scanning range is 4000-600 cm^-1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to characterize the structural changes of the sample before and after the interface functionalization. Water contact angle (WCA) was recorded with Data Physics OCA 20 contact angle measuring instrument. A TA Q600 thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to analyze the thermal stability of the samples, test range: room temperature to 800°C, heating rate: 10°C min^-1, nitrogen (N₂) atmosphere.

4. Results and Discussion

The morphology of PDA@CNF scaffolds with different DA concentration was investigated by SEM. Figures 1(a)–1(d) show the low-magnification SEM pictures of 0.2PDA@CNF, 0.5PDA@CNF, 1PDA@CNF, and 2PDA@CNF, respectively. Figures 1(e)–1(h) are the high-magnification SEM pictures corresponding to Figures 1(a)–1(d). The initial concentration of CNF in all samples was 1 mg/mL. As shown in Figure 1(a), the morphology of 0.2PDA@CNF is similar to that of pure CNF, which are entangled with each other demonstrating a three-dimensional network structure. A thin layer of gravel-like particles was evenly attached to the surface of the CNF, as shown in Figure 2(e), indicating that the PDA coating has been loaded onto the CNF surface. When the concentration of DA increases to 0.5 mg/mL, the PDA coating fully covers CNF scaffolds, as revealed in Figures 1(b) and 1(f). Different from the independently dispersed fibers in 0.2PDA@CNF, 0.5PDA@CNF adheres to each other, which makes the one-dimensional composite fibers transform into to two-dimensional flakes. This may be due to the adhesive characteristics of PDA. When the dosage of DA increases to 1 mg/mL, the PDA coating on CNF is further thickened, and spherical PDA particles appear on the composite surface, as shown in Figures 1(c) and 1(g). PDA particles are evenly distributed on the composite scaffolds. When the concentration of DA increases to 2 mg/mL, the morphology of the 2PDA@CNF composite framework does not change significantly, while the amount and the diameter of PDA microspheres are significantly increased, as revealed in Figures 1(d) and 1(f). Some spheres are gathered into clusters and fixed in composite skeleton to block the pores. As the DA dosage increases from 0.2 to 2 mg/mL, the mean diameter of composite scaffolds expands from 28 to 41 nm, as shown in Table 1.

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Results from SEM images indicate that the DA solution with a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL is sufficient to induce a uniform coating on CNF surface. In addition, when the DA concentration increases to 1 mg/mL, spherical PDA particles appear and attach to networks.

As shown in Figure 2(a), after introducing DDT onto 0.5PDA@CNF, the resulting aerogel shows hydrophobicity with WCA of 149. The composite scaffolds were assembled to three-dimensional (3D) porous structure during freeze-drying (Figure 2(b)). Figure 2(c) is the high-magnification SEM image of DDT-0.5PDA@CNF, the wax-like substance wrapped on the surface of DDT-0.5PDA@CNF. As mentioned before, when the DA dosage is 0.5 mg/mL, a uniform PDA coating is formed on the CNF surface, as a result, DDT was oriented and evenly covered on 0.5PDA@CNF.

EDS scanning and S element mapping were performed as shown in Figures 2(d) and 2(c). In addition to C and O elements, nitrogen (N) elements in PDA and sulfur (S) elements in DDT appeared on the surface of aerogel. It can be observed in Figure 2(d) that the S element is widely distributed on the surface of the material. The above results preliminarily indicate that DDT has been loaded on the surface of 0.5PDA@CNF, forming hydrophobic DDT-0.5PDA@CNF composite material.

Figure 2(f) reveals the wettability of composite aerogels with different DA dosage. DA and its self-polymerized product PDA are intrinsically hydrophilic. Thus, it is important to investigate the effect of DA concentration on WCA of final composite aerogels. The WCA of composite aerogels increases from 135° to 149° with the DA dosage increasing from 0.2 to 0.5 mg/mL, then it sharply decreases to 0° as the DA dosage increasing to 2 mg/mL. As revealed before, the DA dosage of 0.5 mg/mL is sufficient to form a uniform PDA coating on CNF. The PDA coating works as anchor which enables DDT evenly linked to composite scaffolds and forms hydrophobic surface. However, when the concentration of DA is more than1.0 mg/mL, the WCA of DDT-0.5PDA@CNF has a sharp decrease.

The DDT loading capacity also has an impact on the wettability of the composite aerogel, as shown in Figure 3. The WCA of composite aerogels is positively correlated with the DDT loading content, especially for DDT-1PDA@CNF and DDT-2PDA@CNF. When the DDT dosage is increased from 0.5 mL to 2 mL, the WCA was increased from 43° to 149° for DDT-1PDA@CNF and from 0 to 110° for DDT-2PDA@CNF, respectively. While for DDT-0.5PDA@CNF, the dosage of DDT has a slight effect on the WCA, which indicates that the DDT-0.5PDA@CNF has reached the loading saturation with 1 mL DDT.

XPS and FTIR investigation were used to analyze the chemical evolution of the samples. Figure 4(a) shows the XPS survey spectrum of CNF, 0.5PDA@CNF, and DDT-0.5PDA@CNF, respectively. After modification, the signal of N element appears in both spectra of 0.5PDA@CNF and DDT-0.5PDA@CNF scaffolds. Take a deep insight into deconvolved high resolution N 1 s spectra (Figure 4(b)), the peaks at 401.2 and 399 eV are correspondence to -NH₂ and -NH- moieties of the PDA, respectively, which proves that the PDA coating contains the dopamine dimer and indole group structure. After introducing DDT, the signal of S element appears in XPS survey spectrum indicating DDT has been successfully coated on the composite skeleton. Figure 4(c) is the high-resolution XPS spectrum of S 2p. It is worth noting that peaks at 162 eV correspond to C-S bond rather than H-S bond. This shows that the sulfhydryl group (-SH) at the ending moiety of the DDT was consumed during the reaction, which indicates DDT molecules were grafted to PDA@CNF scaffolds via Michael reaction. In Figure 4(d), peaks at 284.6, 286.7, 288.3, and 289.2 eV correspond to the C-C, C-O, C=O, and O-C=O bonds in cellulose, respectively. As shown in Figure 4(e), the characteristic peaks at 284.5, 285.8, and 287.7 eV correspond to -CH/C-NH₂, C-O/C-N, and C=O bonds, respectively. In the C 1 s spectrum of DDT-0.5PDA@CNF, a characteristic peak of C-S bond appears at 286.5 eV, which further indicates that DDT is loaded on the surface of composite scaffolds.

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Figure 5(a) shows the FTIR spectra of CNF, 0.5PDA@CNF, and DDT-0.5PDA@CNF. The broad peak at 3600-3000 cm^-1 originates from the stretching vibration of the H-bonded hydroxyl (-OH) in cellulose. The peak at 2900 cm^-1 is assigned to CH stretching vibration, peaks at 1428 cm^-1 and 1370 cm^-1 are assigned to CH₂ wagging and bending, and the peak at 1050 cm^-1 is the in-plane antisymmetric stretching vibration of the C-O-C in pyranose ring of cellulose. After coating the PDA on CNF surface, the peak around 3300 cm^-1 was broadened, indicating that functional groups on PDA formed new hydrogen bonding with CNF, as shown in Figure 5. In addition, the new peak at 1508 cm^-1 is the characteristic peak assigned to N-H on the PDA coating. So far, it can be proved that PDA was successfully coated onto the CNF surface.

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Figure 5(b) is the partial FTIR spectrum of pure DDT and DDT-0.5PDA@CNF. Peaks at 2916 and 2849 cm^-1 indicate the antisymmetric and symmetry stretching vibration of (-CH₂-) in DDT molecules. The characteristic peak of -SH at 2575 cm^-1 disappears in the FITR spectrum of DDT-0.5PDA@CNF, indicating most of the sulfhydryl groups are consumed during reaction process. Peaks at 718 and 669 cm^-1 are characteristic signal of C-S bond in the thiol ligand, which are significantly enhanced in the FTIR spectrum of DDT-0.5PDA@CNF, which indicates that during the composite constructing process, the mercaptan groups in thiol are gradually consumed, and graft to the aromatic ring in PDA via Michael reaction and formed new C-S bond, which further proved that DDT is covalent bonded to PDA@CNF scaffolds, as revealed in Figure 6.

The bulk density, porosity, and specific surface area (SSA) of CNF and composites aerogels are listed in Table 2. As the PDA and DDT are coated on the CNF, the bulk density is gradually increased, while the porosity and SSA gradually decreased.

As revealed in Figure 7, taking the toluene and the chloroform as examples, the DDT-0.5PDA@CNF aerogel can rapidly separate organic solvents from water. The hydrophobic coating enables the composite aerogel to be absorbed oily liquids but block the water. Absorption performance of DDT-0.5PDA@CNF for some oily liquids was investigated. The mass-based absorption capacity, to a large extent, depends on the solvent density. The absorption capacities of DDT-0.5PDA@CNF for different oil and organic solvents are 33.6 to 68.1 g/g, which is comparable some polyurethane sponges (25-87 g/g).

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5. Conclusions

In summary, a wettability switchable CNF-based aerogels by compositing with PDA and DDT molecules was reported in this work. Polydopamine works both as the capitalizer to bridge heterogenous cellulose/n-dodecanethiol molecules as well as the controller to switch the wettability of the composite aerogels. FTIR and XPS results show that PDA was first coated on CNF by hydrogen bonding, then, DDT was anchored on the composited scaffold by Michael reaction. DDT-0.5PDA@CNF aerogel showed a maximum WCA of 149°, and it can fast absorb a series of oily liquids with the maximum absorption capacity reach up to 68 g/g.

Data Availability

The FTIR and XPS data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Runan Gao and Yun Lu conceived the idea for this study. Li Jian supervised the work. Runan Gao designed experiments and wrote the manuscript. Peng Jiao prepared composite aerogels and test the absorption performance. Yue Jiao performed characterization of samples. Ying Shang and Peng Jiao contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Science and Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, and the National Natural Foundation of China (grant no. 31870535).

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Copyright © 2022 Runan Gao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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