Abstract
Because a diagnostic serological marker is unavailable, autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is diagnosed based on unique features. The diagnostic capabilities and potential limitations of four sets of diagnostic criteria for AIP (Japanese diagnostic criteria 2006 and 2011, Asian diagnostic criteria, and international consensus diagnostic criteria (ICDC)) were compared among 85 patients who were diagnosed AIP according to at least one of the four sets. AIP was diagnosed in 87%, 95%, 95%, and 95% of the patients according to the Japanese 2006, Asian, ICDC, and Japanese 2011 criteria, respectively. The ICDC can diagnose types 1 and 2 AIP independently and show high sensitivity for diagnosis of AIP. However, as the ICDC are rather complex, diagnostic criteria for AIP should perhaps be revised and tailored to each country based on the ICDC.
1. Introduction
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a specific type of pancreatitis that is thought to have an autoimmune etiology. Since Yoshida et al. [1] proposed AIP as a diagnostic entity in 1995, AIP in various countries, including Japan, has been described. AIP is presently recognized as a pancreatic lesion of IgG4-related disease [2, 3]. Because a diagnostic serological marker is unavailable, it is diagnosed based on unique features. The Japanese diagnostic criteria for AIP were revised in 2006 [4]. The criteria consisted of the following: radiological evidence of pancreatic enlargement and irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct; increased serum levels of gammaglobulin, IgG, and IgG4 or the presence of autoantibodies; histological evidence of both lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and fibrosis in the pancreas (Table 1) [4].
New diagnostic criteria proposed in Korea [5] and the USA [6] during 2006 included response to steroid therapy and other organ involvement (OOI). The Asian diagnostic criteria that included response to steroids as an optional criterion were published in 2008 (Table 2) [7].
AIP comprises histological types 1 and 2 [8, 9]. The histological appearance of type 1 AIP, or traditional AIP, is referred to as lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis (LPSP). Type 2 AIP is histologically characterized by neutrophilic infiltration in the epithelium of the pancreatic duct [8–10]. The international consensus diagnostic criteria (ICDC) for AIP were published for worldwide use and independently diagnose both types of AIP [11]. The criteria comprise five cardinal features, and one or more of which in combination provide the basis for diagnoses of both type 1 and type 2 AIP. The diagnosis of both types can be definitive or probable, or subtypes might not be distinguishable (AIP not otherwise specified (AIP-NOS)) (Table 3) [11].
The ICDC is somewhat complicated for general use, and type 2 AIP is extremely rare in Japan [12, 13]. Based on the Japanese conditions, the Japanese clinical diagnostic criteria for AIP focusing on type 1 AIP were revised in 2011 [14]. They maintained many of the basic concepts of the ICDC, including definite, probable, and possible diagnoses (Table 4) [14].
In this study, based on our experience with AIP, the diagnostic capabilities and potential limitations of these four sets of diagnostic criteria for AIP (Japanese clinical diagnostic criteria 2006 and 2011, Asian diagnostic criteria, and ICDC) were compared.
2. Methods
A total of 93 patients who were diagnosed with AIP comprehensively from clinical or radiological findings were treated in Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital between 1992 and 2012. Four sets of diagnostic criteria among 85 patients who were diagnosed with AIP according to at least one of the four sets of criteria were compared. The 8 patients who improved spontaneously or were followed up conservatively could not be diagnosed with AIP in any of the four diagnostic criteria.
Twenty-nine patients with pancreatic cancer (mean age, 67.5 years; 20 males and 9 females) were enrolled as a control group. They were diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer clinically and/or histologically.
Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test. In all test, correct values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
3. Results
Mean age of the 85 AIP patients was 64.1 years. They were 62 males and 23 females. Elevated serum levels of IgG (>1800 mg/dL), IgG4 (>135 mg/dL), and autoantibodies (antinuclear antibody and/or rheumatoid factor) were detected in 46%, 76%, and 45% of the patients, respectively. Diffuse enlargement of the pancreas was revealed on computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) and long or multiple narrowing of the main pancreatic duct was detected on endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) in 41% and 82% of the patients, respectively. Additionally, other organ involvement (OOI) was detected in 40% (sclerosing cholangitis, ; retroperitoneal fibrosis, ; swollen salivary/lacrimal glands, ; renal involvement, ). Histology of the pancreas showing LPSP was gained in 21% of the patients. The histology was highly suggestive according to consensus statement of pathology of IgG4-related disease [15]. All patients who were treated with steroids (73%) responded well.
AIP was diagnosed in 87%, 95%, 95%, and 95% of the patients according to the Japanese 2006, Asian, ICDC, and Japanese 2011 criteria, respectively (Table 5).
Seven patients who were seronegative, three without ERP, and one without pancreatic enlargement could not be diagnosed based on the 2006 Japanese criteria. Three patients without ERP and one without pancreatic enlargement could not be diagnosed based on the Asian criteria. According to the ICDC, nine patients without elevated serum IgG4 were diagnosed with AIP-NOS, one patient with steroid responsiveness and a level-2 serological criterion was diagnosed with probable type 1 AIP, one patient with steroid responsiveness and ulcerative colitis was diagnosed with probable type 2 AIP, and four patients with one or no level 1 criteria who were not treated with steroids could not be diagnosed. Based on the 2011 Japanese criteria, five patients with segmental pancreatic enlargement and elevated serum IgG4 who were not treated with steroids were diagnosed with probable AIP, 10 patients without elevated serum IgG4 were diagnosed as possible AIP, and two patients with segmental pancreatic enlargement without serological, OOI, or histological criteria that were not treated with steroids, one patient with segmental pancreatic enlargement without ERP, and one patient without pancreatic enlargement could not be diagnosed (Tables 5 and 6).
None of the 29 patients with pancreatic cancer were diagnosed with AIP in any of the four diagnostic criteria.
4. Discussion
Since no diagnostic serological markers are available, AIP must be diagnosed on the presence of unique features. In general, diagnostic criteria should have high sensitivity and specificity and be minimally invasive as well as clinically applicable across a wide range of medical settings. Including a response to steroid therapy among the criteria increases diagnostic sensitivity. However, applying a steroid trial to patients in whom differentiation from malignancy is an issue could result in delayed pancreatic cancer surgery and subsequent cancer progression. Steroid trials should carefully proceed after adequate workup for malignancy generates negative findings.
The diagnostic capabilities and potential limitations of the four sets of diagnostic criteria for AIP [4, 7, 11, 14] were compared. These criteria were generally good at diagnosing AIP. Both the ICDC and Japanese criteria 2011 consist of imaging, serological and histological findings, OOI, and response to steroids. The Japanese criteria 2006 consist of only 3 imaging, serological, and histological findings, which explains why they have the lowest sensitivity. Although OOI is not among the Asian criteria, the sensitivity is similar to that of both Japanese 2011 criteria and the ICDC. Although one patient with OOI was serum IgG4-negative, steroid responsiveness with Asian criteria defined the diagnosis. On the other hand, two serum IgG4-negative patients with autoantibodies were diagnosed with AIP based on the Japanese 2006 and Asian criteria. The specificities of all 4 criteria were 100%.
Types 1 and 2 AIP can be independently diagnosed by the ICDC. Although the Asian criteria aimed to diagnose type 1 AIP, type 2 AIP might also be involved if the patient responds to steroids. Atypical AIP without pancreatic enlargement can be diagnosed only by ICDC, but ruling out pancreatic cancer requires caution. ERP finding of a narrowed main pancreatic duct is mandatory for diagnosing AIP according to the Japanese 2006, Japanese 2011, and Asian criteria. However, the Japanese 2011 criteria do not require ERP to diagnose typical AIP when the pancreas is diffusely enlarged. Furthermore, ERP cannot be applied to some patients with acute pancreatitis, or those who refuse to undergo the procedure, or who have ambiguous pancreatographic findings. In contrast to Japan and Korea, endoscopists in other countries generally avoid injecting the pancreatic ducts of patients with obstructive jaundice for fear of causing pancreatitis. For the ICDC to be applicable worldwide, AIP needs to be diagnosed without ERP. Therefore, ICDC is too complex for general physicians, and since ERP is frequently applied in Japan, the Japanese 2011 criteria might be the most suitable for application in Japan. As the practice of various tests and their perceived accuracy for diagnosing AIP vary considerably worldwide, the diagnostic criteria should be revised and tailored to each country based on the ICDC. On the other hand, as the ICDC and Japanese 2011 criteria place a guard at steroid responsiveness, some patients who are not treated with steroids are difficult to definitively diagnose.
5. Conclusion
The ICDC can diagnose types 1 and 2 AIP independently and show high sensitivity for diagnosis of AIP. However, as the ICDC are rather complex, diagnostic criteria for AIP should perhaps be revised and tailored to each country based on the ICDC.
Conflict of Interests
The authors state no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgment
This study was supported in part by Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for research on intractable diseases (research on IgG4-related disease) from the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan.