Computer-Based Diagnostic Expert Systems in Rheumatology: Where Do We Stand in 2014?

Table 1

Characteristics of the identified expert systems.

Name of ES^a or first author	Year of last update	Number of diseases	Targeted diseases	Input for ES^a	Methodology	Reference
Romano	2009	2	Prosthesis infection	L^b, I^c	Calculation tool	[23]
Watt	2008	1	Knee osteoarthritis	H^d, E^e, I^c	Bayesian belief network	[24]
Provenzano	2007	3	Chronic pain	H^d	Discriminant analysis	[25]
Binder	2005	5	Connective tissue diseases	L^b	Case based reasoning	[26]
Liu^f	2004	1	RA^g	H^d, L^b	Algorithm	[27]
Lim	2002	24	Arthritic diseases		Hierarchical fuzzy inference	[28]
CADIAG^f	2001	170	Rheumatic diseases	H^d, E^e, L^b, I^c	Rule based, fuzzy sets	[8, 29–33]
RENOIR^f	2001	37	Rheumatic diseases	H^d, E^e, L^b, I^c	Rule based, fuzzy sets	[34–36]
RHEUMexpert	1999		Rheumatic diseases	H^d, E^e, L^b, I^c	Rule based	[37]
Zupan	1998	8	Rheumatic diseases	H^d	Rule based	[38]
AI/RHEUM	1998	59	Rheumatic diseases	H^d, E^e, L^b, I^c	Rule based	[39–43]
Dzeroski	1996	8	Rheumatic diseases	H^d	Rule based and statistical	[44]
Heller^f	1995	6	Vasculitis	H^d, E^e, L^b	Bayesian classifier	[45]
Astion	1994	1	Giant cell arteritis	H^d, E^e, L^b	Neural networks	[46]
Barreto	1993	2	RA^g and SLE^h	H^d, E^e, L^b, I^c	Neural networks, fuzzy sets	[47]
MESICAR	1993		Rheumatic diseases		Model based	[48]
RHEUMA	1993	67	Rheumatic diseases	H^d, E^e, L^b, I^c	Rule based	[49]
Bernelot Moens	1992	15	Rheumatic diseases	H^d, E^e, L^b, I^c	Bayes’ Theorem	[50–52]
Sereni	1991	1	Temporal arteritis	H^d, E^e, L^b	Bayes’ Theorem, decision tree	[53]
Rigby	1991	1	RA^g	H^d, E^e	Bayesian and logistic regression	[54]
Schewe^f	1990	32	Knee pain	H^d	Rule based	[55]
Prust	1986	2	Ankylosing spondylitis and SLE^h	H^d, E^e	Scoring tool	[56]
Gini	1980	7	Arthritic diseases	H^d	Rule based	[57]
Dostál	1972	1	RA^g	H^d	Bayes’ Theorem	[58]
Fries	1970	35	Arthritic diseases	H^d	Statistical	[59]

aES: xpert system, ^bL: laboratory results, ^cI: imaging results, ^dM: medical history, ^eE: physical examination, ^fACR or EULAR criteria included, ^gRA: rheumatoid arthritis, ^hSLE: systemic lupus erythematosus.