Research Article
Male Involvement in Maternal Health Care at Anomabo, Central Region, Ghana
Table 4
Enabling/disenabling factors associated with male involvement in antenatal care, delivery, and postnatal care (N = 100).
| | Variable | Antenatal care | Delivery | Postnatal care | | Yes | No | Total | Yes | No | Total | Yes | No | Total |
| | Couple living together | | | | | | | | | | | Yes | 25 (45.5) | 30 (54.5) | 55 | 26 (47.3) | 29 (52.7) | 55 | 10 (18.2) | 45 (81.8) | 55 | | No | 10 (22.2) | 35 (77.8) | 45 | 18 (40) | 27 (60) | 45 | 10 (22.2) | 35 (77.8) | 45 | | value | 0.02 | | | 0.47 | | | 0.62 | | | | Distance to H/F | | | | | | | | | | | Less than 5 km | 32 (40) | 48 (60) | 80 | 37 (46.2) | 43 (53.8) | 80 | 15 (18.8) | 65 (81.2) | 80 | | More than 5 km | 3 (15) | 17 (85) | 20 | 7 (35) | 13 (65) | 20 | 5 (25) | 15 (75) | 20 | | value | 0.04 | | | 0.37 | | | 0.54 | | | | Perception of MHC | | | | | | | | | | | Easily accessible | 23 (37.7) | 38 (62.3) | 61 | 26 (42.6) | 35 (57.4) | 61 | 12 (19.7) | 49 (80.3) | 61 | | Not accessible | 12 (30.8) | 27 (69.2) | 39 | 18 (46.2) | 21 (53.8) | 39 | 8 (20.5) | 31 (79.5) | 39 | | value | 0.48 | | | 0.73 | | | 0.92 | | | | Poor spousal communication | | | | | | | | | | | Yes | 35 (37.6) | 58 (62.4) | 93 | 42 (45.2) | 51 (54.8) | 93 | 18 (19.4) | 75 (80.6) | 93 | | No | 0 (0) | 7 (100) | 7 | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 7 | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 7 | | P value | 0.09 | | | 0.46 | | | 0.63 | | | | Prohibitive cultural norms | | | | | | | | | | | Yes | 15 (21.7) | 54 (78.3) | 69 | 23 (33.3) | 46 (66.7) | 67 | 12 (17.4) | 57 (82.6) | 69 | | No | 20 (64.5) | 11 (35.5) | 31 | 21 (67.7) | 10 (32.3) | 31 | 8 (25.8) | 23 (74.2) | 31 | | P value | 0.000 | | | 0.000 | | | 0.33 | | | | Work schedules of men | | | | | | | | | | | Yes | 25 (31.6) | 54 (68.4) | 79 | 32 (40.5) | 47 (59.5) | 79 | 15 (19.0) | 64 (81.0) | 79 | | No | 10 (47.6) | 11 (52.4) | 21 | 12 (57.1) | 9 (42.9) | 21 | 5 (23.8) | 16 (76.2) | 21 | | P value | 0.17 | | | 0.17 | | | 0.76 | | | | Unfavourable health policies | | | | | | | | | | | Yes | 34 (40.0) | 51 (60.0) | 85 | 42 (49.4) | 43 (50.6) | 85 | 17 (20.0) | 68 (80.0) | 85 | | No | 1 (6.7) | 14 (93.3) | 15 | 2 (13.3) | 13 (86.7) | 15 | 3 (20.0) | 12 (80.0) | 15 | | P value | 0.01 | | | 0.01 | | | 1.00 | | | | Financial problems | | | | | | | | | | | Yes | 16 (34.0) | 31 (66.0) | 47 | 21 (44.7) | 26 (55.3) | 47 | 10 (21.3) | 37 (78.7) | 47 | | No | 19 (35.8) | 34 (64.2) | 53 | 23 (43.4) | 30 (56.6) | 53 | 10 (18.9) | 43 (81.1) | 53 | | P value | 0.85 | | | 0.89 | | | 0.76 | | | | Attitudes of health workers | | | | | | | | | | | Yes | 35 (38.9) | 55 (61.1) | 90 | 42 (46.7) | 48 (53.3) | 87 | 17 (18.9) | 73 (81.1) | 90 | | No | 0 (0.0) | 10 (100) | 10 | 2 (20.0) | 8 (80.0) | 10 | 3 (30.0) | 7 (70.0) | 10 | | P value | 0.01 | | | 0.12 | | | 0.41 | | | | Long waiting time at H/F | | | | | | | | | | | Yes | 27 (32.5) | 56 (67.5) | 83 | 35 (42.2) | 48 (57.8) | 83 | 17 (20.5) | 66 (79.5) | 83 | | No | 8 (47.1) | 9 (52.9) | 17 | 9 (52.9) | 8 (47.1) | 17 | 3 (17.6) | 14 (82.4) | 17 | | P value | 0.25 | | | 0.42 | | | 1.00 | | | | Gender roles | | | | | | | | | | | Yes | 23 (46.0) | 27 (54.0) | 50 | 29 (58.0) | 21 (42.0) | 50 | 12 (24.0) | 38 (76.0) | 50 | | No | 12 (24.0) | 38 (76.0) | 50 | 15 (30.0) | 35 (60.0) | 50 | 8 (16.0) | 42 (84.0) | 50 | | P value | 0.02 | | | 0.01 | | | 0.32 | | |
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P value < 0.05 in bold. H/F: health facility; MHC: maternal health care.
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