The Recent Progress and Applications of Digital Technologies in Healthcare: A Review

Table 2

List of examples of the applications of smart devices for heart monitoring.

Cardiologic applications	Proposed device	Outcomes	References
Electrocardiogram (ECG)	Wearable ECG measurement device (smart clothes)	The best electrode positions to be used to measure ECG signals by means of a two electrodes recording system were identified, and the presented wearable measurement device can obtain good performance when one person is under the conditions of sleeping and jogging.	[33]..................
Electrocardiogram (ECG)	Wearable smartphone-enabled cardiac monitoring device (smart sock)	The home use of smartphone-enabled technology to monitor the neonatal and infant cardiac heart rate can identify asymptomatic arrhythmias.	[34]..................
Electrocardiogram (ECG)	Wearable ECG device.	The study demonstrated the feasibility of real-time AF detection by means of a wearable ECG device. It constitutes a promising step towards the development of novel ECG monitoring systems to tackle the growing AF epidemic.	[35]..................
Electrocardiogram (ECG)	Smart 12-lead ECG acquisition T-shirt.	A smart T-shirt with 13 textiles electrodes allows short-duration 12-lead ECG acquisition with quality levels comparable to Holter recordings. The novel device should now be evaluated for long-term noninvasive ECG monitoring.	[36]..................
Heart rate	Wrist-worn heart rate (HR) monitor.	HR accuracy of two commercially available smart watches [SW] (Fitbit charge heart rate [FB] and apple watch series 3 [AW]) was compared with Holter monitoring in an ambulant patient cohort. The smart watches underestimated heart rate in AF particularly at heart rate .	[37]..................
Heart rate and blood pressure	Wireless pulse and blood pressure monitoring system.	A wireless blood pressure monitoring system was designed and implemented for a smartphone-based management unit with Graphical User Interface (GUI) and database.	[38]..................
Heart rate	Wrist-worn device.	The study explored the feasibility to estimate heart rate recovery parameters after stair climbing using a wrist-worn device with embedded photoplethysmography and barometric pressure sensors. The proposed approach to monitoring heart rate recovery parameters in an unobtrusive way that may supplement the information provided by personal health monitoring devices.	[39]..................
Electrocardiogram (ECG)	Wearable sensor device (Bioharness 3.0 by Zephyr).	SVM-based algorithm designed to detect atrial fibrillation (AF). The results showed a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 66%, making this version of e-health system suitable for real-time monitoring of AF events.	[40]..................
Heartbeat and cardiac-related motions of the chest	Smart textile-based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor.	The study demonstrated the capability of the proposed smart textile to monitor cardiac activity at different measurement points. The evaluation of the influence of measurement sites on the signal amplitude can be considered as a first effort to drive the standardization of sensor positioning on the chest.	[41]..................