| | Author & year | Study design | Study population | Risk factors estimated | Conclusion |
| | Bhatnagar et al. [11] 1995 | Cross-sectional | Total 364
British Punjab 247, Indian Punjab 117 | BMI, BP, TC, TG, HDL, apo B, Lp(a), insulin sensitivity, β cell function, blood glucose | (i) Indian migrants in the UK have a less favourable coronary risk profile
(ii) Indians have higher serum Lp(a) which is not affected by migration
(iii) Deterioration of insulin resistance and β cell function is associated with migration |
| | Cappuccio et al. [5] 1997 | Cross-sectional | Total 1578
British white 524, British African 549, British South Asian 505 | BP, diabetes, BMI, serum cholesterol, smoking | (i) South Asians have a higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes than Caucasians
(ii) One in five people of South Asian origin had diabetes
(iii) CHD is the first cause of death among South Asians
(iv) There are marked differences in the distribution of CVD risk factors among Caucasians, South Asians and Africans |
| | Bhopal et al. [6] 1999 | Cross-sectional | Total 1508
684 South Asians (British Indian 259, British Pakistani 305, British Bangladeshi 120), British Europeans 825 | TC, HDL, LDL, TG, Lp(a) lipoprotein, fibrinogen, insulin, and glucose, Height, weight, waist and hip, BP, ECG, smoking, diet, alcohol consumption, exercise | (i) South Asians have more CHD than Europeans despite apparently lower levels of risk factors
(ii) Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis differ in a wide range of coronary risk factors
(iii) Among South Asians, Indians were least and Bangladeshis were most disadvantaged in a range of coronary risk factors
(iv) Combining the data on CVD risk factors from Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis is misleading |
| | Anand et al. [8] 2000 | Cross-sectional | Total 985
South Asians 342, European 326, Chinese 317 | BP, BMI, waist : hip ratio, LVH, TC, LDL, HDL, TG, blood glucose, Lp(a), homocysteine, PAI-1, fibrinogen, smoking, subclinical atherosclerosis | (i) Asians had more plasma lipid and glucose abnormalities
(ii) South Asians had the highest prevalence of CVD and highest DBP
(iii) South Asians had greater abnormalities in novel risk factors: fibrinogen, PAI-1, Lp(a) and homocysteine |
| | Chambers et al. [9] 2001 | Cross-sectional | Total 1025 males
Indian Asians 518, European whites 507 | Age, CRP, BMI, Waist : hip ratio, BP, smoking, physical activity, blood glucose, TC, HDL, TG, insulin resistance | (i) CRP levels are elevated in Indian Asians and are associated with an increase in population CHD risk among Indian Asian
(ii) Diabetes, insulin resistance and related metabolic abnormalities are more common among Indian Asians
(iii) CRP levels were more closely associated with increased central adiposity and markers of insulin resistance |
| | Mahajan and Bermingham [14] 2004 | Cross-sectional | Total 250
Australian Indians 125, Indian Indians 125 | Age, BMI, Waist, Waist : hip ratio, Smoking, alcohol consumption, food habit, exercise, TC, HDL, TG, LDL, Apo A1, Apo B, Lp(a), Insulin | (i) Indians migrated to Australia have a more favourable CHD risk factor profile than the Indians remaining in India
(ii) It is unlikely that changes due to migration have a strong genetic bias |
| | Patel et al. [49] 2006 | Cross-sectional | Total 536
British Gujarati 242, Indian Gujarati 294 | Age, education, smoking, alcohol intake, height, BMI, Waist : hip ratio, ECG, BP, blood glucose, physical activity, energy intake, folate, vit B12, energy from fat & carbohydrate, TC, TG, NEFA, HDL, LDL, Apo B, Apo AI, Apo B : AI ratio, Lp(a), CRP, Homocystine, Serum folate & vit B12, Plasma insulin, HOMA B, HOMA S | (i) Migration adversely influences some of the CVD risk factors, like—apo B, plasma insulin, CRP
(ii) Migration makes British Gujaratis more prone to CVD than Indian Gujaratis |
| | Joshi et al. [7] 2007 | Case-control | Total 29,972
(Case + control)
India 470 + 940, Pakistan 637 + 655, Sri Lanka 153 + 132, Bangladesh 228 + 238, Nepal 244 + 239
Other countries 13420 + 12616 | Age, SES, tobacco use, alcohol, physical activity, dietary patterns, personal or family history of CVD, hypertension, stress and depression, Height, weight, waist : hip ratio, apo B100 and apoA-I, ApoB100 : ApoA-I ratio, diabetes | (i) Participants of South Asian countries experience fatal CHD at younger ages
(ii) Variations in the mean age of presentation of cases were observed between countries within South Asia
(iii) Bangladeshis had the highest prevalence for the most of the CVD risk factors among controls
(iv) Indians have the higher prevalence of diabetes |
| | Tennakoon et al. [50] 2010 | Cross-sectional | Total 1378
Norwegian Sri Lankans 1145, Sri Lankans in Sri Lanka 233 | Age, education, smoking, TC, HDL, TC : HDL ratio, TG, Height, BMI, Waist circumference, BP | (i) Norwegian Sri Lankans have favourable lipid profiles and blood pressure levels despite being more obese compared with people living in Sri Lanka
(ii) Educated persons in Sri Lanka are in more risk of having higher triglyceride, obesity, and blood pressure compared to the uneducated people |
| | Chiu et al. [10] 2010 | Cross-sectional | Total 163,797
Canadian White 154653, Canadian South Asians 3364,
Canadian Chinese Total 3038,
Canadian black people 2742 | Age, education, sex, current smoking, obesity, Diabetes, BP, stress, consumption of fruits and vegetables, physical activity, non-regular alcohol consumption | (i) There are differences in the prevalence of CVD risk factors across ethnic groups
(ii) Canadian South Asians are less obese than whites, but they suffers more from diabetes and hypertension
(iii) The protective factors like fruit and vegetable consumption, exercising habit, are less common in Canadian South Asians |
| | Zahid et al. [51] 2011 | Cross-sectional | Total 2000
Norwegian Pakistani 770, Pakistanis living in Pakistan 1230 | Age, height, weight, BMI, Waist circumference, Hip circumference, Waist : hip ratio, smoking, TC, HDL, BP | (i) Obesity and CVD risk factors are widely prevalent in both Norwegian Pakistani and Pakistanis living in Pakistan
(ii) Migration makes Norwegian Pakistani more likely to have CVD risk factors (obesity and dyslipidemia) compared to Pakistanis at their homeland |
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