Prognostic Significance of Circulating and Endothelial Progenitor Cell Markers in Type 2 Diabetic Foot

Table 1

Clinical characteristics. 62 diabetic patients divided into 3 groups: nonmacrovascular peripheral neuropathic diabetic patients without foot lesions (N); nonmacrovascular neuropathic diabetic patients with foot lesions (N1); macrovascular neuropathic diabetic patients with ulcers/lesions/osteomyelitis of the lower limbs (N2). Eight healthy controls (C).

	C (8)	N (14)	N1 (20)	N2 (28)
Age (years)	42±3	63±2^*	58±2^*	69±2^*
Gender (F/M)	4/4	5/9	3/17	5/23
Smoking (y/n)	NO	NO	NO	NO
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	28±2	30±1.4^*	31±1.4^*	30.0±1.1^*
Hypertension (𝑁)	0	9	13	28^#
Duration of diabetes (years)	0	9±2	14±3	13±2
HbA1c (%; nM/M)	5.4±0.5  (36±1)	8.0±0.5  (69±6)^*	8.0±0.3  (69±6)^*	7.6±0.3  (66±6)^*
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	78±0.3	162±14^*	151±11^*	145±12^*
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)		175±14	177±6.0	175±9.0
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)		93±11	94±7.0	100±12
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)		55±4.0	53±3.0	56±5.0
Triglycerides (mg/dL)		110±13	113±11	133±12
Winsor Index	1.06±0.04^**	1.04±0.4^**	1.07±0.4^**	0.87±0.5
Antidiabetic therapy (I/OA)		9/5	16/4	26/2
Statins (%)		50	50	60
Antiplatelet therapy (%)		43	40	100^#
Retinopathy (%)		35	50	61^##
Nonrecent MI/ictus (%)		7	5	42^#
Nephropathy (%)		35	40	71^#

𝑃<0.001 versus C; ^**𝑃=0.006 versus N2 (ANOVA test); ^#𝑃<0.001  N and N1 versus N2; ^##𝑃<0.001  N versus N1 and N2 (Chi square test).