Vascular Leakage in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Is Associated with Dengue Infected Monocytes, Monocyte Activation/Exhaustion, and Cytokines Production

Table 6

Mean ± SD of the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) in patients with DF, DHF grades I and II, DSS, and OFIs patients, followed by the day of illness related to fever.

TNF- (pg/mL)
Type	Day −2	Day −1	Day 0	Day +1	Day +2	Conval^*
DF; ()	4.0 ± 2.0; (7)	4.1 ± 2.0; (17)	4.3 ± 1.9^¥; (36)	3.8 ± 1.5; (30)	3.5 ± 1.2; (10)	2.3 ± 0.9; (31)
DHF I; ()	4.2 ± 1.3; (7)	4.4 ± 1.6; (18)	3.3 ± 1.5; (29)	3.1 ± 1.0; (33)	2.2 ± 0.1; (3)	2.3 ± 1.2; (31)
DHF II; ()	5.7 ± 2.4; (2)	5.1 ± 1.5; (14)	3.8 ± 1.4; (27)	3.5 ± 1.6; (23)	3.0 ± 1.1; (7)	2.1 ± 0.7; (19)
DSS; ()	4.1 ± 1.7; (2)	4.1 ± 2.5; (6)	2.8 ± 1.8^‡; (9)	4.8 ± 2.6; (11)	3.4 ± 1.3; (9)	2.4 ± 0.8; (13)
OFIs; ()	2.7 ± 2.0; (3)	3.7 ± 1.1^**; (6)	3.2 ± 1.6; (8)	4.2 ± 3.1; (6)	4.7 ± 2.7^‡‡; (4)	2.3 ± 0.4; (7)

Conval^* = convalescence.
DHF II versus OFIs: < 0.05; DF versus DHF I and DSS: ^¥ < 0.05.
DSS versus DF and DHF II: ^‡ < 0.05; DSS versus DHF I: < 0.05.
DHF I versus OFIs: ^‡‡ < 0.05.