Children and Adolescent Obesity Associates with Pressure-Dependent and Age-Related Increase in Carotid and Femoral Arteries’ Stiffness and Not in Brachial Artery, Indicative of Nonintrinsic Arterial Wall Alteration
Table 2
Carotid, femoral, and brachial arteries “local” stiffness and aortic, upper-limb, and lower-limb “regional” stiffness.
Total
4–8 years old
8–12 years old
12–15 years old
Normal weight
Obesity
Normal weight
Obesity
Normal weight
Obesity
Normal weight
Obesity
Systolic diameter left CCA (mm)
6.3 ± 0.6
6.5 ± 0.7
0.004
5.9 ± 0.5
6.0 ± 0.6
0.349
6.3 ± 0.6
6.5 ± 0.5
0.092
6.4 ± 0.7
7.0 ± 0.4
0.001
Diastolic diameter left CCA (mm)
5.5 ± 0.6
5.8 ± 0.6
0.004
5.2 ± 0.5
5.3 ± 0.5
0.281
5.6 ± 0.6
5.8 ± 0.5
0.140
5.6 ± 0.7
6.2 ± 0.4
<0.001
Distensibility left CCA (1/mmHg × 10−3)
4.9 ± 1.9
4.2 ± 1.8
0.011
6.2 ± 1.9
5.4 ± 2.2
0.211
4.9 ± 1.5
4.5 ± 1.9
0.317
4.3 ± 1.5
3.3 ± 0.7
0.004
β Index left CCA
3.2 ± 1.5
3.5 ± 1.1
0.118
2.5 ± 0.7
3.1 ± 1.6
0.104
3.0 ± 1.1
3.4 ± 1.1
0.095
3.5 ± 1.4
3.8 ± 0.8
0.325
Systolic diameter right CCA (mm)
6.5 ± 0.7
6.7 ± 0.7
0.109
6.1 ± 0.7
6.1 ± 0.5
0.984
6.5 ± 0.6
6.7 ± 0.5
0.086
6.8 ± 0.6
7.2 ± 0.4
0.006
Diastolic diameter right CCA (mm)
5.8 ± 0.6
5.9 ± 0.7
0.154
5.4 ± 0.7
5.4 ± 0.4
0.965
5.8 ± 0.6
5.9 ± 0.5
0.149
6.0 ± 0.5
6.4 ± 0.4
0.009
Distensibility right CCA (1/mmHg × 10−3)
4.7 ± 1.6
4.2 ± 1.7
0.043
5.9 ± 2.0
5.4 ± 2.3
0.478
4.8 ± 1.4
4.3 ± 1.5
0.131
3.9 ± 1.3
3.2 ± 0.8
0.023
β Index right CCA
3.2 ± 1.1
3.6 ± 1.2
0.051
2.6 ± 0.8
3.0 ± 1.4
0.242
3.1 ± 1.1
3.6 ± 1.2
0.062
3.7 ± 1.3
4.1 ± 1.3
0.274
Systolic diameter left CFA (mm)
6.0 ± 1.0
6.4 ± 1.0
0.004
5.0 ± 0.5
5.6 ± 0.6
0.002
5.9 ± 0.7
6.3 ± 0.7
0.009
6.8 ± 1.0
7.5 ± 0.9
0.006
Diastolic diameter left CFA (mm)
5.6 ± 1.0
6.0 ± 1.0
0.005
4.6 ± 0.5
5.2 ± 0.6
0.001
5.4 ± 0.7
5.8 ± 0.7
0.024
6.3 ± 1.0
7.1 ± 7.1
0.005
Distensibility left CFA (1/mmHg × 10−3)
1.8 ± 1.2
1.6 ± 0.8
0.047
2.3 ± 0.9
1.9 ± 0.8
0.113
1.9 ± 1.5
1.7 ± 0.8
0.719
1.4 ± 0.7
1.1 ± 0.4
0.049
β Index left CFA
8.7 ± 3.9
9.4 ± 4.0
0.212
6.5 ± 2.6
7.6 ± 2.5
0.185
8.7 ± 4.1
8.4 ± 3.2
0.734
10.3 ± 3.7
11.9 ± 4.5
0.317
Systolic diameter right CFA (mm)
5.9 ± 1.0
6.3 ± 1.3
0.027
5.0 ± 0.4
5.4 ± 0.7
0.014
5.8 ± 0.7
6.3 ± 0.7
0.002
6.7 ± 0.9
7.5 ± 0.9
0.002
Diastolic diameter right CFA (mm)
5.5 ± 1.0
5.9 ± 1.2
0.022
4.6 ± 0.4
5.0 ± 0.6
0.012
5.4 ± 0.7
5.9 ± 0.7
0.003
6.2 ± 0.9
7.0 ± 0.8
0.001
Distensibility right CFA (1/mmHg × 10−3)
1.8 ± 1.0
1.5 ± 0.7
0.029
2.3 ± 0.8
2.1 ± 1.0
0.487
1.8 ± 1.3
1.6 ± 0.6
0.323
1.5 ± 0.7
1.1 ± 0.4
0.049
β Index right CFA
8.3 ± 3.8
9.4 ± 4.1
0.076
6.7 ± 3.9
7.9 ± 4.5
0.401
8.5 ± 3.8
9.1 ± 3.3
0.477
9.8 ± 3.8
11.4 ± 4.7
0.164
Systolic diameter BA (mm)
2.9 ± 0.5
3.2 ± 0.5
0.014
2.5 ± 0.3
2.8 ± 0.3
0.041
2.9 ± 0.5
3.1 ± 0.4
0.156
3.2 ± 0.3
3.6 ± 0.4
0.013
Diastolic diameter BA (mm)
2.8 ± 0.5
3.0 ± 0.5
0.024
2.4 ± 0.2
2.7 ± 0.4
0.042
2.7 ± 0.5
2.9 ± 0.3
0.221
3.0 ± 0.4
3.5 ± 0.4
0.016
Distensibility BA (1/mmHg × 10−3)
1.5 ± 1.2
1.4 ± 0.8
0.547
1.7 ± 1.2
1.6 ± 0.8
0.914
1.6 ± 1.5
1.4 ± 1.0
0.719
1.4 ± 0.9
1.0 ± 0.3
0.241
β Index BA
12.8 ± 7.9
12.1 ± 6.8
0.726
11.4 ± 6.8
9.4 ± 3.8
0.500
13.1 ± 8.6
12.2 ± 7.6
0.755
13.3 ± 8.7
13.1 ± 6.1
0.947
Carotid-femoral PWV real (m/s)
4.7 ± 1.4
4.8 ± 0.7
0.401
4.4 ± 0.6
4.6 ± 0.7
0.504
4.7 ± 0.6
4.7 ± 0.5
0.983
5.1 ± 0.6
5.3 ± 0.5
0.363
Femoropedal PWV (m/s)
7.0 ± 1.1
7.1 ± 1.3
0.662
7.1 ± 0.9
7.3 ± 1.5
0.774
6.7 ± 0.8
6.7 ± 1.4
0.992
7.0 ± 1.3
7.8 ± 0.9
0.070
Carotid-radial PWV (m/s)
7.6 ± 1.2
7.4 ± 1.3
0.283
7.6 ± 1.2
6.8 ± 1.1
0.075
7.3 ± 0.9
6.7 ± 0.7
0.074
7.6 ± 1.0
7.8 ± 0.6
0.317
Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation. CCA: common carotid artery. CFA: common femoral artery. BA: brachial artery. PWV: pulse wave velocity. A was accepted as statistically significant.
