A Comprehensive Overview of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Table 1

The major characteristics and features of three types of EV.

Types of EV	PEV	HEV	FCEV
Energy source	(i) Battery	(i) Battery/ultracapacitor; (ii) Internal combustion engines	(i) Fuel cells
Propulsion technique	(i) Electric motor drives	(i) Electric motor drives; (ii) Internal combustion engines	(i) Electric motor drives
Characteristics and feature	(i) Zero emission; (ii) Short driving range; (iii) Higher initial costs	(i) Low emission; (ii) Longer range; (iii) Complex	(i) Zero emission; (ii) Highest initial costs; (iii) Medium driving range
Major techniques	(i) Electric motor control; (ii) Battery management; (iii) Charging device	(i) Electric motor control; (ii) Battery management; (iii) Managing multiple energy sources and optimal system efficiency; (iv) Components sizing	(i) Fuel processor; (ii) Fueling system; (iii) Fuel cell cost
Regenerative braking	(i) Yes	(i) Yes	(i) Yes