Review Article
Interactions between Temperament, Stress, and Immune Function in Cattle
Figure 1
Schematic representation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathomedullary system (SMS) response to stress. CRH: corticotrophin releasing hormone; VP: vasopressin; ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone; ACh: acetylcholine; NE: norepinephrine; EPI: epinephrine.