The Citizen Science Landscape: From Volunteers to Citizen Sensors and Beyond

Table 2

Primary goals of citizen science projects (adapted and modified from Wiggins and Crowston [1]).

Project	URL	Primary goal	Description
Globe at Night	http://www.globeatnight.org/	Education	Learning about light pollution with use of mobile phone or Web cam and internet connection.
Fossil Finders	http://www.fossilfinders.org/	Education	Learning about Devonian Fossils through authentic inquiry-based investigation.
Bird Sleuth	http://www.birds.cornell.edu/birdsleuth/	Education	Learning about birds through inquiry-based investigation.
Missouri Stream Team Project	http://www.mostreamteam.org	Conservation	Promotes the formation of “stream teams” which monitor streams in their area.
What’s Invasive	http://whatsinvasive.com/	Conservation	Locating invasive plants.
Shermans Creek Conservation Association	http://www.shermanscreek.org/	Action	Started to oppose the building of a power plant on local land, they now monitor the area and have regular talks.
ReClam the Bay	http://www.reclamthebay.org/	Action	Promotes environmental involvement by growing and maintaining baby clams and oysters to stock their local bay.
* Whale FM	http://whale.fm/	Virtual	Asks participants to listen to and classify whale song.
* Galaxy Zoo	http://www.galaxyzoo.org/	Virtual	Invites participants to classify images of galaxies.
Pathfinder	http://www.pathfinderscience.net/	Virtual	Collaborative online environment for citizen scientists.
Foldit	http://www.fold.it/	Virtual	Proving human superiority at protein folding.

* Part of Zooniverse—https://www.zooniverse.org/projects —citizen science hub for virtual citizen science projects exploiting the human ability to spot patterns and classify data where traditional statistical analysis struggles.