International Journal of Zoology

Research Article

Effects of Surface Roughness on the Locomotion of a Long-Tailed Lizard, Colobodactylus taunayi Amaral, 1933 (Gymnophthalmidae: Heterodactylini)

Table 1

Kinematic variables recorded for Colobodactylus taunayi on different substrates. Mean ± SD, range in parenthesis, and for each cell. Relative measures result from raw values divided by individual snout-vent length (SVL). Friedman tests indicated significant differences () among substrates for all variables. After Bonferroni correction, significant Wilcoxon pairwise contrasts among substrates for each variable were shown as different letters (a, b, and c).


Variable			Substrate
Variable	PLAS	WOOD	SAND	GRAV	Total

ASP	12.5 ± 5.10^a	13.0 ± 4.11^a	19.2 ± 10.77^b	18.0 ± 8.27^b	15.7 ± 8.06
ASP	(5.1–29.3)	(4.8–23.3)	(6.6–57.8)	(5.9–40.0)	(4.8–57.8)

ASL	2.96 ± 0.816^a	3.09 ± 0.914^a	3.60 ± 0.951^b	3.39 ± 1.064^b	3.26 ± 0.969
ASL	(1.81–4.89)	(1.16–5.44)	(2.20–5.78)	(1.78–6.17)	(1.16–6.17)

RSP	2.7 ± 1.15^a	2.9 ± 0.92^b	4.0 ± 2.31^c	3.8 ± 1.76^c	3.3 ± 1.72
RSP	(1.0–6.4)	(1.2–4.6)	(1.4–12.6)	(1.1–7.8)	(1.0–12.6)

RSL	0.63 ± 0.193^a	0.70 ± 0.144^b	0.75 ± 0.207^b	0.71 ± 0.209^b	0.70 ± 0.195
RSL	(0.37–1.06)	(0.41–1.07)	(0.43–1.26)	(0.34–1.21)	(0.34–1.26)

SFR	4.16 ± 0.830^a	3.95 ± 0.852^a	5.03 ± 1.712^b	5.20 ± 1.401^b	4.58 ± 1.361
SFR	(2.26–6.00)	(2.5–6.00)	(2.73–12.00)	(2.86–8.57)	(2.26–12.00)

STA	0.172 ± 0.0409^a	0.170 ± 0.0502^a	0.134 ± 0.0463^b	0.132 ± 0.0433^b	0.152 ± 0.0489
STA	(0.113–0.283)	(0.083–0.287)	(0.033–0.283)	(0.067–0.250)	(0.033–0.287)

SWI	0.079 ± 0.0265^a	0.093 ± 0.0244^b	0.085 ± 0.0367^a	0.074 ± 0.0258^a	0.083 ± 0.0295
SWI	(0.050–0.160)	(0.050–0.133)	(0.033–0.217)	(0.033–0.150)	(0.033–0.217)

SDU	0.251 ± 0.0578^a	0.263 ± 0.0558^a	0.219 ± 0.0647^b	0.206 ± 0.0555^c	0.235 ± 0.0627
SDU	(0.167–0.443)	(0.167–0.400)	(0.083–0.367)	(0.117–0.350)	(0.083–0.443)

DUT	0.688 ± 0.0650^a	0.640 ± 0.0910^b	0.614 ± 0.1070^b	0.636 ± 0.0912^b	0.644 ± 0.0934
DUT	(0.500–0.813)	(0.385–0.851)	(0.333–0.850)	(0.462–0.857)	(0.333–0.857)

Variables are ASP: absolute speed (×10⁻² m * s⁻¹), ASL: absolute stride length (×10⁻² m), RSP: relative speed (SVL * s⁻¹), RSL: relative stride length (SVL), SFR: stride frequency (s⁻¹), STA: stance duration (s), SWI: swing duration (s), SDU: stride duration (s), and DUT: duty factor. Substrates are PLAS: polyethylene plastic, WOOD: wooden board, SAND: glued sand, and GRAV: glued gravel.