Effect of Environmental Stressors on the Distribution and Abundance of Macroinvertebrates in Upper Awash River at Chilimo Forest, West Shewa, Ethiopia

Table 1

Means and standard deviations for environmental parameters of the study sites.

Parameter	Sampling sites
	Galessa	Arera and Werabo	Anjory	Walgata	Osole
pH	8.78 ± 0.51	8.57 ± 0.28	8.72 ± 0.62	8.69 ± 0.45	8.58 ± 0.25
Conductivity (μS/cm)	187.04 ± 20.11^qrst	297.78 ± 24.06 ^prst	370.77 ± 5.65 ^pqst	465 ± 32.97 ^pqr	472 ± 31.57 ^pqr
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)	7.69 ± 0.13	7.68 ± 1.03	7.39 ± 0.85	7.26 ± 0.5	7.4 ± 0.53
Dissolved oxygen (%)	96.86 ± 1.72	100.49 ± 2.49	108.78 ± 20.43	113.7 ± 10.69	125.4 ± 19.38
Temperature (°C)	12.49 ± 1.17^rst	14.9 ± 2.03^s	20.79 ± 3.59^p	23.12 ± 1.2^pq	21.25 ± 5.41^p
Total phosphorous (mg/l)	0.06 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01	0.28 ± 0.41	0.06 ± 0.01	0.027 ± 0.05
No3^–N (mg/L)	0.12 ± 0.06^r	0.37 ± 0.24^r	0.83 ± 0.08^pqs	0.38 ± 0.22^r	0.48 ± 0.39

p, q, r, s, and t represent stressor types: p, forest site; q, less agriculture; r, high human activities; s, paper mill waste; t, more agriculture that indicates significant mean difference following post hoc tests. (Tukey HSD).