cutan leishmaniasi infecti diseas caus various speci leishmania transmit sever speci sand fli diptera psychodida order evalu risk leishmaniasi transmiss fesbouleman investig carri out two local aichoun bouassem dure 2011 from januari decemb 1120 specimen were collect aichoun compris six speci belong two genera phlebotomus sergenti 7607 phlebotomus longicuspi 901 phlebotomus perniciosus 848 phlebotomus papatasi 482 sergentomyia minuta sergentomyia fallax for bouassem seven speci were identifi phlebotomus sergenti 6039 domin follow phlebotomus perniciosus 20 phlebotomus longicuspi 1215 the remain speci phlebotomus papatasi phlebotomus ariasi sergentomyia minuta sergentomyia fallax were less preval the activ sand fli both local mark domin sergenti two peak occur june septemb order obtain better understand sand fli divers among speci result were analyz ecolog indic determin specif rich relat abund shannonwein index further studi sand fli divers should employ statist test molecular analys this studi can use implement appropri futur control measur

Fatima Zahra Talbi

Chafika Faraj

Fouad EL-Akhal

Fatiha El Khayyat

Driss Chenfour

Abdellatif Janati Idrissi

Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami

Diversity and Dynamics of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Two Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Foci in the Fes-Boulemane Region of Northern Morocco

the spot toadhead agama phrynocephalus maculatus distribut central southeastern arid region iran belong agamida famili research male reproduct cycl speci studi from 5 april 5 august 2013 total 40 adult male were collect midday from southern desert damghan counti locat semnan provinc iran test were remov process morphometr histolog studi the spermatogen cycl begin from earli april mate occur midmay end august maximum reproduct activ occur earli june reduc from earli juli end august the number semin vesicl were 33127 diamet vari between 690 2583 micron the diamet tunica albuginea vari between 30 81 micron the diamet germin layer vari between 100 1100 micron there were signific differ macroscop microscop testicular charact between month also were signific differ testicular hemipen charact between left side right side bodi sinc spermatogenesi occur from april through august maculatus follow associ reproduct cycl typic temper speci

Soheila Rahmani

Vida Hojati

The Male Reproductive Cycle of the Spotted Toad-Headed Agama, Phrynocephalus maculatus, in Iran

examin feed behavior visual block fruit establish new theori bird damag manag agricultur practic part fulli invis cluster grape were fix perch the bird select peck clear visibl part halfvis bag peck count rate 094100 95 halfvis bag allow bird look insid like skirt detect initi hidden portion grape which were cover opaqu white bag howev veri few bird peck white bag were partial cover grape that veri few bird attempt eat cover easili detect fruit onli five bird gravit toward grape complet cover nontransluc bag never peck them our result show visual block could promis new techniqu prevent bird damag

Takeshi Honda

Jun-ichi Tsuboi

Hiroshi Kuwata

Seeing Is Feeding for the Frugivorous Bird Brown-Eared Bulbul (Microscelis amaurotis)

rice often damag bird especi sparrow asia bird net sometim use countermeasur howev approach expens labor intens for reason farmer general eschew bird net even though altern countermeasur avail this studi focus exploit bird behavior scan predat reduc crop damag when bird forag seed ground often stop peck briefli rais head appar scan predat low visibl habitat increas scan behavior increas scan behavior reduc habitat qualiti from bird perspect therefor studi test relationship between rice damag rate visibl peripheri rice field where tree sparrow rest after feed overal low visibl reduc damag rice becaus visibl main affect weed weed manag techniqu contribut crop damag manag reduc damag weed can decreas therefor techniqu cost laboreffici

Exploiting Scanning Behavior for Predators Can Reduce Rice Damage Caused by Birds

the purpos studi creat distribut model seventeen lutzomyia speci venezuela presenc record were obtain from field collect over 30 year sever research team use maximum entropi method model construct base 30 arcsecond resolut environment layer 19 bioclimat variabl elev land cover three speci were distribut throughout northcentr venezuelan two restrict northern venezuelan coast three throughout west five were restrict main andean final two speci within spars pattern the most import variabl contribut were relat precipit the environment nich model sandfli might use tool contribut understand ecoepidemiolog complex transmiss dynam leishmanias

Iomar Sanchez

Jonathan Liria

María Dora Feliciangeli

Ecological Niche Modeling of Seventeen Sandflies Species (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from Venezuela

redescrib larval stage european lobster homarus gammarus base autofluoresc composit imag focus larval stage compar american lobster homarus americanus differ most appar stage iii this stage appear more matur gammarus exampl rostrum alreadi curv bear spine appendag better develop longer more differenti americanus stage iii show stronger resembl stage result morpholog stage iii metamorph moult between stage iii stage gammarus less drastic than americanus metamorphosi characteris two criteria involv 1 drastic chang morpholog 2 short amount time has henc been suggest more pronounc metamorphosi evolv two factor affect criteria name 1 evolut specialis larval featur which increas morpholog dispar between larva adult make chang morpholog more drastic 2 skip entir stage this mean larval form ancestr moult over sever intermedi form definit adult morpholog yet more deriv form stage intermedi morpholog longer express high special larva moult adult within singl moult most extrem case henc bridg morpholog larva adult shorter amount time the exampl two homarus speci demonstr explan onli possibl one addition differ singl larval stage case larval stage iii can lead more less metamorphicappear ontogenet sequenc

Marie A. I. N. Rötzer

Joachim T. Haug

Larval Development of the European Lobster and How Small Heterochronic Shifts Lead to a More Pronounced Metamorphosis

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