Butterfly Assemblages Associated with Invasive Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) Sites: Comparisons with Tamarisk Control and Native Vegetation Reference Sites

Table 1

Information associated with butterfly sampling sites. Most scientific names for plant taxa are identified in the text. Others are in footnotes below the table. Sites in CO and NM were sampled in 2005 while those in NV and TX were sampled in 2006.

River and counties where sites were located	Site code (initial letters correspond to the type of site)^a	State	Easting/northing	Site characteristics	Flooding regime
Arkansas; Pueblo County	NV-ARK-1	CO	13N0509892; 4240492	Native woody vegetation.	Evidence of riparian processes and overbank flow.
	NV-ARK-2	CO	13N0511502; 4238803	Native woody vegetation. Understory of reed canary grass^b with thistles^c coming in.	Evidence of riparian processes and overbank flow.
	NV-ARK-3	CO	13N0535655; 4334008	Native woody vegetation.	Evidence of riparian processes and overbank flow.
	MIX-ARK-1	CO	13N0506741; 4242669	Tamarisk very common, native woody vegetation mostly along rivers edge.	Fluctuations in hydroperiod, overbank flow during moderate flow events.
	MIX-ARK-2	CO	13N0525439; 4235066	Mostly tamarisk with a few large senescent cottonwood. Some willow and small cottonwood in site. Knapweed common.	Fluctuations in hydroperiod, overbank flow during moderate flow events. Most of the flood-prone area confined by barriers.
	TAM-ARK-1	CO	13N0522352; 4231526	A relatively narrow strip of tamarisk. A few small stature cottonwoods are present.	Evidence of riparian processes and overbank flow.
	TRT-ARK-1	CO	13N0507833; 4241961	Root plowed to remove tamarisk. Weedy herbaceous plants common and tamarisk beginning to cover site again	Site sustained by natural water source, flood-prone area confined by barriers.
	TRT-ARK-2	CO	13N0525188; 4235609	Tamarisk biocontrol agent Diorhabda release in 2001. Initial evidence of defoliation in 2003.	No evidence of overbank flows, flood-prone area confined by barriers.
Blue (Canadian watershed)	NV-CAN-1	TX	14S0258651; 3956428	Native woody vegetation.	Evidence of riparian processes and overbank flow.
Canadian; Carson, Hutchinson, Moore, and Potter Counties	NV-CAN-2	TX	14S0249539; 3933708	Native woody vegetation. Park like.	Evidence of riparian processes and overbank flow.
	MIX-CAN-1	TX	14S0244314; 3934875	Mostly tamarisk of small stature. Baccharis and Common reed are common at site.	Site sustained by natural water source, flood-prone area confined by barriers.
	TAM-CAN-1	TX	14S0253823; 3941401	Dense mature tamarisk, understory is mostly kochia.	Site subject to fluctuations in flow, flood-prone area is confined.
	TRT-CAN-1	TX	14S0249678; 3935561	Burned. Tamarisk is coming back vigorously. Undergrowth dominated by common reed and coyote willow^d.	Site subject to fluctuations in flow and overbank flow.
	TRT-CAN-2	TX	14S0255947; 3941807	Burned and root pulled in 2003.	No evidence of riparian processes, no opportunity for overbank flows except in extreme events.
Las Vegas Wash; Clark County	MIX-LVW-1	NV	11S0677388; 3998831	Tamarisk and some weedy vegetation, few cottonwoods and mesquite. Tamarisk seedlings are common.	Site contains evidence of riparian processes, overbank flow during moderate flow events.
	RER-LVW-1	NV	11S0681529; 3995320	Native woody revegetation. Alkali heliotrope is common but spotty. Control structure is present.	Evidence of riparian processes and overbank flow.
	RER-LVW-2	NV	11S0682033; 3995392	Native woody revegetation. Common reed in site. Alkali heliotrope is common. Control structure is present.	Evidence of riparian processes and overbank flow.
	RER-LVW-3	NV	11S0682452; 3795488	Control structure is present, native woody vegetation (willows) moving into site. Common reed abundant.	Evidence of riparian processes and overbank flow.
	REU-LVW-1	NV	11S0677707; 3997928	Upland revegetation (quailbrush^e interspersed with mesquite and Acacia sp.) with narrow band of tamarisk next to Wash.	No evidence of riparian processes, cut banks prevent overbank flow.
	REU-LVW-2	NV	11S0683368; 3995895	Upland revegetation (mesquite and saltbush) with narrow band of riparian obligates next to Wash.	No evidence of riparian processes, cut banks prevent overbank flow except during moderate flow events.
	TAM-LVW-1	NV	11S0678114; 3997545	Tamarisk mostly along Wash.	No evidence of riparian processes, channel incised so little opportunity of overbank flows.
Pecos; Eddy County	TAM-PEC-1	NM	13S0564386; 3610016	Tamarisk with understory of kochia.	No evident source of water supply, no opportunity for overbank flows.
	TRT-PEC-1	NM	13S0564086; 3621134	Tamarisk sprayed with herbicide (Arsenal) in 2003. Kochia sparse.	No evidence of riparian processes, no opportunity for overbank flooding.
	TRT-PEC-1	NM	13S0561714; 3607693	Mowed tamarisk. Near monoculture of kochia.	No evidence of riparian processes because of cut bank, overbank flow only in extreme events.
Rio Grande; Socorro and Valencia Counties	NV-RIO-1	NM	13S035471; 3728472	Native woody vegetation. Mostly small diameter Goodings willow^fwith understory of tamarisk and Baccharis. A few small cottonwoods are present.	Evidence of riparian processes and overbank flow.
	NV-RIO-2	NM	13S0307597; 3715170	Native woody vegetation.	Site subject to fluctuations in flow, overbank flooding in moderate flow events.
	MIX-RIO-1	NM	13S1341506; 3849356	Native woody vegetation, understory of tamarisk	Evidence of riparian processes and overbank flow.
	RER-RIO-1	NM	13S0341184; 3841183	Revegetation site with some natural vegetation, topography altered for silvery minnow habitat.	Site subject to fluctuations in flow, overbank flow in moderate events.
	REU-RIO-1	NM	13S0313962; 3727712	Upland revegetation site. Planted with saltbush^g and quailbrush. Kochia common.	No evidence of riparian processes, no opportunity for overbank flooding.
	TAM-RIO-1	NM	13S0330010; 3794426	Tamarisk with Baccharis understory.	No evidence of riparian processes, moderate opportunity for overbank flows.
	TAM-RIO-2	NM	13S0314012; 3727308	Upland tamarisk, decadent cottonwood.	No evidence of riparian processes, no opportunity for overbank flows except in extreme events.
	TRT-RIO-1	NM	13S0342054; 3850635	Tamarisk understory cleared below native woody vegetation.	Evidence of riparian processes and overbank flow.
	TRT-RIO-2	NM	13S0330246; 3796452	Tamarisk cleared. Kochia is common but then replowed later in season	Natural water source but no evidence of riparian processes, potential for overbank flooding during moderate flow events.
	TRT-RIO-3	NM	13S0321945; 374270	Tamarisk cleared.	No evidence of riparian processes, no opportunity for overbank flooding.

aNV: native vegetation, MIX: mixed, RER: revegetated with riparian vegetation, REU: revegetated with upland vegetation, TAM: tamarisk dominated, and TRT: treated to remove tamarisk. Plant species: bPhalaris arundinacea, cCirsium spp., dSalix exigua, eAtriplex lentiformis, fSalix gooddingii, and gAtriplex spp.