Abstract
Entomological survey was carried out to record dengue vectors during pre- and post-monsoon seasons in 2012 from different breeding places in residential and forested areas of different altitudes of the Nilgiris, namely, Mettupalayam (330 mts), Kallar (400 mts), Burliar (900 mts), Marapalam (1050 mts), and Coonoor (1800 mts). Results showed that maximum number of dengue vector breeding was recorded at Mettupalayam during pre-monsoon season followed by Kallar, Burliar, Coonoor, and Marapalam. The post-monsoon season survey also revealed that the maximum number of dengue vector breeding was found at Mettupalayam, followed by Burliar, Coonoor, and Kallar, and Aedes immature was not found in Marapalam. Ae. aegypti species was recorded in all the study areas during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Whereas Ae. albopictus was recorded only at Mettupalayam, Kallar, and Burliar during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Besides these two dengue vectors, a nonvector species Ae. vittatus () was also recorded at Kallar and Burliar.
1. Introduction
Studies on taxonomy, biology, distribution, and ecology of haematophagous arthropods are of public importance. General reviews of the ecology and control of individual vector groups should be continued and revised from time to time to provide workers with update status [1]. Mosquitoes are haematophagous insects in terms of public health significance and they are remarkably adapted to coexist with man and domestic animals. There are 3490 species of mosquitoes recorded so far worldwide [2], among them, more than 100 species are recorded as vectors transmitting various diseases [3]. Increasing population, unplanned organization, rapid transportation, unreliable water supplies, and water storage practices of peoples are results in the rapid spreading of mosquito species [4].
The Nilgiri hills located in Tamil Nadu of south India are highly diverse in terms of ecology and culture. The terrain features and climatic conditions like temperature, humidity, rainfall, the forest cover, and availability of breeding habitats render the area suitable for the existence of mosquitoes [5]. Rahman et al. [6] had done an intensive survey and reported the presence of 52 mosquito species in the Nilgiris. Balakrishnan et al. [5] reported the presence of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the Nilgiris and its adjoining areas with special reference to dengue fever survey. In view of uncertainty of the present remedial measures, a thorough study of human-environmental interrelation, climate wise distribution, and changing pattern of occupancy according to various altitudinal variances have to be studied with utmost priority before deciding control programs against mosquitoes in this ecologically fragile environment of the Nilgiris. In recent past, no information is available on the status of dengue vectors in these hilly areas. Keeping in view of these, the present study was aimed to understand the distribution and seasonal abundance (pre- and post-monsoons) and to identify the active breeding sites of dengue vectors in these higher altitude areas.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
The study was carried out in domestic premises and forest areas of the Nilgiri hills of Western Ghats, namely, Mettupalayam (hilly terrain, 330 mts), Kallar (400 mts), Burliar (900 mts), Marapalam (1050 mts), and Coonoor (1800 mts) during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The survey was carried out in May-June (pre-monsoon) and November-December (post-monsoon). Houses/places were surveyed for Aedes breeding in water storage containers following the method of Sanchez et al. [7]. A total of 100 houses/places were surveyed from each study site and the larval density was expressed as house index (HI), container index (CI), and breteau index.
2.2. Specimen Collection
Random collection of larvae and pupae were made from different breeding water sources like grinding stones, cement tanks, discarded tin, earthen-pots, plastic container, coconut shells, tyres, tree holes, axils of leaves, drains canals, and so forth, by standard dipping method as reported earlier [8]. Immature stages of genus Aedes (Larvae and pupae) were collected in plastic containers (500 mL capacity) during pre-monsoon (May-June, 2012) and post-monsoon (November-December, 2012) covering all the five study areas and were transported to the laboratory.
2.3. Preservation and Identification
Transported immature samples were allowed to emerge into adults that were killed with chloroform soaked cotton swabs and identified up to species level following the mosquito identification keys provided by Barraud [9, 10].
3. Results
3.1. Dengue Vector Abundance in before Monsoon
A total of 105 immature specimens (larvae and pupae) were collected from five places of Nilgiri hills namely Mettupalayam, Kallar, Burliar, Marapalam, and Coonoor before monsoon (Table 1). The results showed that Mettupalayam recorded the highest collection of Ae. aegypti () and Ae. albopictus () before monsoon. In Burliar region, Ae. albopictus () was higher than Ae. aegypti (). Likewise, in Kallar also, Ae. albopictus () was higher than Ae. aegypti (). Two larvae from Marapalam and two larvae from Coonoor were identified as Ae. aegypti and there were no Ae. albopictus. Overall, Ae. albopictus (56.19%) was found to be higher than Ae. aegypti (41.90%) before monsoon. Other than these vectors, 2 larvae of nonvector species Ae. vittatus were also recorded (1.90%) at Kallar () during pre-monsoon season (Table 2).
3.2. Dengue Vector Abundance after Monsoon
A total of 151 immature specimens (larvae and pupae) were collected from five places of Nilgiri hills during post-monsoon season, which was higher than the pre-monsoon collection. Mettupalayam recorded the highest number of Ae. aegypti () followed by Burliar (), Marapalam (), Kallar () and Coonoor (), respectively. Likewise, Ae. albopictus was found to be high in Burliar (), followed by Kallar () and Mettupalayam (), respectively. The container mosquito, Ae. albopictus larvae (48.34%) was found to be almost equal to Ae. aegypti larvae (47.01%) after monsoon. There were 7 larvae of Ae. vittatus, (4.63%) was also recorded during post-monsoon collection at Burliar (Table 2). The main breeding source was found to be discarded tins, plastic containers, earthen pots, grinding stones, and tyres for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus after monsoon (Table 2, Figure 1).
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3.3. Pre- and Post-Monsoon Aedes Indices
The house index (HI) of Mettupalayam for Aedes was 9.00; CI and BI were 12.38 and 13.00, respectively, during pre-monsoon season. The post-monsoon HI, CI, and BI indices of Mettupalayam were 14.00, 31.30, and 36.00, respectively. The house index (HI) of Kallar for Aedes was 6.00; CI and BI were 13.48 and 12.00, respectively, during the pre-monsoon season. The post-monsoon HI, CI, and BI indices of Kallar were 9.00, 15.00 and 12.00, respectively.
The house index (HI) of Burliar for Aedes was 2.00; CI and BI were 8.33 and 5.00, respectively, during the pre-monsoon season. The post-monsoon HI, CI, and BI indices of Burliar were 10.00, 15.05, and 14.00, respectively. The pre- and post-monsoon HI and BI indices of Marapalam for Aedes were found to similar and showed 2.00 and 2.00, respectively. The pre- and post-monsoon HI and BI indices of Coonoor for Aedes were also found to be similar and showed 1.00 and 2.00, respectively (Tables 3 and 4).
3.4. Altitude and Dengue Vector Distribution
Mettupalayam, the hilly terrain area, recorded highest number of dengue vectors in both pre- and post-monsoon seasons followed by Kallar (400 mts) and Burliar (900 mts) recorded high number. We recorded very few number of Ae. aegypti above 1000 mts in Marapalam (1050 mts), Coonoor (1800 mts) and there were no Ae. albopictus recorded in our collection in both pre- and post-monsoon in these regions (Table 1).
4. Discussion
A total of 256 immature specimens were collected from different habitats and reared in the lab up to adult stages. The diversity of dengue vector fauna differed among these hilly areas, indicating the existence of variation in the spatial distribution pattern. The variation in the diversity and distribution are mainly associated with altitude and specific ecological condition of the selected sites. Altogether 3 species were recorded from total emerged adults () that belong to the genera Aedes. Among the three recorded species, two were dengue/DHF vectors, namely, Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and one nonvector was Ae. vittatus. There were no mortality recorded during the transport of larvae/pupae to the laboratory. Plastic containers and discarded tins have contributed to maximum number of dengue vector specimens. The number of Ae. aegypti immature recorded was higher () during post-monsoon season than pre-monsoon season (). Likewise, Ae. albopictus collection was also higher during post-monsoon () than pre- monsoon collection (). In total, Ae. albopictus () was dominant followed by Ae. aegypti ().
The highest Aedes indices were found at Mettupalayam in post-monsoon season, where HI was 14.00, CI was 34.28, and BI was 32.00. In Mettupalayam, the main breeding sources for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were found to be discarded tins, plastic containers, earthen pots, grinding stones, and tyres (Table 2, Figure 1).
These results support the previous studies, in which dengue vectors are being reported as major in other parts of Tamil Nadu [11, 12]. In conclusion, occurrence of dengue vectors Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in both pre- and post-monsoon seasons at higher altitudes of Western Ghats may be of no epidemiological importance, but there would be an emergence of dengue fever at higher altitudes in the global warming scenarios either by migration of human carrier or mosquitoes transovarian mode.
Abbreviation
| mts: | Metres. |
Conflict of Interests
The authors do not have any conflict of interests.
Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to Dr. R. Sanil, Department of Zoology & Wild Life Biology, Govt. Arts College, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India, for his assistance during field collections.