|
| Drug(s) resistant to | Typical diseases |
|
Name of Bacterium | | |
Escherichia coli | Cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones | Urinary tract infections and blood stream infections |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | Cephalosporins and carbapenems | Pneumonia, blood stream, and urinary tract infections |
Staphylococcus aureus | Methicillin | Wound and blood stream infections |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | Penicillin | Pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis |
Nontyphoidal Salmonella | Fluoroquinolones | Foodborne diarrhoea, blood stream infections |
Shigella species | Fluoroquinolones | Diarrhoea (bacillary dysentery) |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Cephalosporins | Gonorrhoea |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Rifampicin, isoniazid, and fluoroquinolone [4] | Tuberculosis |
Name of Fungi | | |
Candida spp. | Fluconazole and echinocandins [5] | Candidiasis |
Cryptococcus neoformans | Fluconazole [17] | Cryptococcosis |
Aspergillus spp. | Azoles [18] | Aspergillosis |
Scopulariopsis spp. | Amphotericin B, flucytosine, and azoles [19] | Onychomycosis |
Name of Virus | | |
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | Ganciclovir and foscarnet [20] | In AIDS and oncology patients |
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) | Acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir [21] | Herpes simplex |
Human immunodeficiency | | |
virus (HIV) | Antiretroviral drugs [22] | AIDS |
Influenza virus | Adamantane derivatives (Amantadine and rimantadine) and neuraminidase inhibitors [23] | Influenza |
Varicella zoster virus | Acyclovir and valacyclovir [21] | Chicken pox |
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | Lamivudine [24] | Hepatitis B |
Name of Parasite | | |
Plasmodia spp. | Chloroquine, artemisinin, and atovaquone [25] | Malaria |
Leishmania spp. | Pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine, paromomycin, and amphotericin B [13, 14] | Leishmaniasis |
Schistosomes | Praziquantel and oxamniquine [26, 27] | Schistosomiasis |
Entamoeba | Metronidazole [28] | Amoebiasis |
Trichomonas vaginalis | Nitroimidazoles [29] | Trichomoniasis |
Toxoplasma gondii | Artemisinin, atovaquone, and sulfadiazine [10–12] | Toxoplasmosis |
|