Ecotope-Based Entomological Surveillance and Molecular Xenomonitoring of Multidrug Resistant Malaria Parasites in Anopheles Vectors

Figure 2

Anopheles vectors and MDR malaria haplotypes. (a) A framework for the EES which can permit the downstream procedures for both the identification of the wild-caught pools or individuals of Anopheles vectors and the detection and identification of MDR malaria parasite isolates present in salivary gland DNA of individual Anopheles vector. Such malaria ecotopes of forest/forest fringes shown in Figure 1 can provide isolation sources of four main Anopheles vectors (e.g., An. dirus, An. minimus, An. maculatus, and An. aconitus). (b) A framework for the molecular xenomonitoring of MDR malaria which can permit the analysis of anthropophagous Anopheles vectors carrying MDR malaria parasites present in any malaria infection pocket of the forest/forest fringe ecotope. Based on molecular markers for putative drug resistance, any haplotypes of MDR malaria parasites originally obtained from the Anopheles SG DNA are hypothetically advantageous parasite population under the selection pressures over space and time.

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