Severity and Mortality Associated with Steroid Use among Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 3

Methodological quality assessment.

Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS)
Studies	Selection				Comparability	Outcome			Quality score
	A	B	c	d	e	f	g	h
Fadel et al. [17]									8
Guan et al. [27]									9
Huang et al. [24]									8
Li et al. [12]									6
Ling et al. [25]									6
Shang et al. [18]									6
Yang et al. [22]									6
Wang et al. [19]									6
Wu et al. [21]									7
Zhao et al. [26]									6
Zhou et al. [23]									7
Borie et al. [28]									6
Falcone et al. [43]									7
Fernández-Cruz et al. [29]									7
Krishnan et al. [30]									6
Li et al. [31]									6
Papamanoli et al. [32]									7
You et al. [33]									6
Rodríguez-Baño et al. [34]									7
Ma, Q et al. [35]									7
Lu et al. [36]									7
Cao et al. [37]									6
Nelson et al. [38]									7
Bani-Sadr et al. [39]									6
Salton et al. [40]									7
Mikulska et al. [41]									6
Majmundar et al. [42]									7
Cochrane risk of bias tool
	I	J	k		l		m		n
Horby et al. [44]	Low risk of bias	Low risk of bias	High risk of bias		Unclear risk of bias		Low risk of bias		Low risk of bias
Angus et al. [45]	Low risk of bias	Low risk of bias	High risk of bias		Low risk of bias		Low risk of bias		Low risk of bias
Dequin et al. [46]	Low risk of bias	High risk of bias	High risk of bias		Low risk of bias		Low risk of bias		Low risk of bias
Jeronimo et al. [47]	Low risk of bias	Low risk of bias	High risk of bias		Low risk of bias		Low risk of bias		Low risk of bias

a: representativeness of the exposed cohort, b: selection of the nonexposed cohort, c: ascertainment of exposure, d: demonstration that the outcome of interest was not present at the start of the study, e: comparability of cohorts based on the design or analysis, f: assessment of outcome, g: follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur, h: adequacy of follow-up of the cohort; i: random sequence generation (selection bias), j: allocation concealment (selection bias), k: blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias), l: blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias), m: incomplete outcome data (attrition bias), n: selective reporting (reporting bias).