Estimation Strategies for the Condition Monitoring of a Battery System in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle

<table class="table-group" width="800px"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><img alt="120351.fig.009a" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/isrn/volume-2011/120351/figures/120351.fig.009a.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(a) </b>Estimation error over time</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><img alt="120351.fig.009b" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/isrn/volume-2011/120351/figures/120351.fig.009b.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(b) </b>Capacitor voltages</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="c"><td><img alt="120351.fig.009c" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/isrn/volume-2011/120351/figures/120351.fig.009c.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(c) </b><svg height="14.45" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.375 14.45" width="16.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.45)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.44)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.71)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝐶</tspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.56,60.58)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">𝑏</tspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg> simulation values</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="d"><td><img alt="120351.fig.009d" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/isrn/volume-2011/120351/figures/120351.fig.009d.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(d) </b><svg height="14.45" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.325001 14.45" width="16.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.45)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.44)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.71)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝐶</tspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-63.56,60.58)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">𝑐</tspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg> simulation values</td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<table>Extended Kalman filter simulation results (including errors).</table>

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fig9

Figure 9

Figure 9: Estimation Strategies for the Condition Monitoring of a Battery System in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle 