Cooccurrence of Yawning and Stereotypic Behaviour in Horses (Equus caballus)

Table 3

Absence of age, sex, breed, and type-of-work effects on yawning (presence/absence and frequency) for ENE and riding schools horses. 𝑃>.05 in all cases. No sex effect could be tested in study 1 (only geldings) and no type-of-work effect could be tested in study 2 (only one type: riding lessons).

	ENE (study 1)	Riding schools (study 2)
Age
Presence/absence of yawning	Mann Whitney, 𝑈=746.50	Mann Whitney, 𝑈=358.00
Frequency of yawning	Spearman correlation, 𝑟𝑠=−0.08	Spearman correlation, 𝑟𝑠=0.09
Sex
Presence/absence of yawning	—	Chi square, 𝜒^21=0.05
Frequency of yawning	—	Mann Whitney, 𝑈=320.50
Breed
Presence/absence of yawning	Chi square, 𝜒^21=1.41	Chi square, 𝜒^21=0.02
Frequency of yawning	Mann Whitney, 𝑈=255.50	Mann Whitney, 𝑈=370.50
Type of work
Presence/absence of yawning	Chi square, 𝜒^24=2.34	—
Frequency of yawning	Kruskall Wallis, H (4, 87) = 2.56	—