Tetrodotoxin Poisoning Due to Pufferfish and Gastropods, and Their Intoxication Mechanism

Table 2

Distribution of TTX in animals other than pufferfish.

Animals			Toxic parts	Maximal toxicity
Platyhelminthes	Turbellaria, Flatworms	Planocera spp.	Whole body	>1000 MU/g
Nemertinea	Ribbonworms	Lineus fuscoviridis; Tubulanus punctatus; Cephalothrix linearis	Whole body; Whole body; Whole body	>1000 MU/g; 100–1000 MU/g; >1000 MU/g
Mollusca	Gastropoda	Charonia sauliae; Charonia lampas lampas; Babylonia japonica; Tutufa lissostoma; Zeuxis siquijorensis; Niotha clathrata; Niotha lineata; Cymatium echo; Pugilina ternotoma; Pleurobranchaea maculata	Digestive gland; Digestive gland; Digestive gland; Digestive gland; Whole body; Whole body; Whole body; Digestive gland; Digestive gland; skin	>1000 MU/g; 10–100 MU/g; 100–1000 MU/g; >1000 MU/g; >1000 MU/g; >1000 MU/g; 10–100 MU/g; 10–100 MU/g
	Cephalopoda	Hapalochlaena maculosa	Posterior salivary gland (adult), Whole body (semi-adult)	>1000 MU/g
Annelida	Polychaeta	Pseudopolamilla occelata	Whole body	10–100 MU/g
Arthropoda	Xanthidae crabs	Atergatis floridus; Zosimus aeneus	Whole body; Whole body	10–100 MU/g; 10–100 MU/g
	Horseshoe crab	Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda	Egg	10–100 MU/g
Chaetognatha	Arrowworms	Parasagitta spp.; Flaccisagitta spp.	Head; Head	detected; detected
Echinodermata	Starfish	Astropecten spp.	Whole body	100–1000 MU/g
Vertebrata	Pisces, Goby, Amphibia	Yongeichthys criniger	Skin, viscera, gonad	100–1000 MU/g
		Tarica spp.	Skin, egg, ovary, muscle, blood	100–1000 MU/g
		Notophthalmus spp.	Skin, egg, ovary	10–100 MU/g
	Newts	Cynopsis spp.	Skin, egg, ovary, muscle, blood	10–100 MU/g
		Triturus spp.	Skin, egg, ovary, muscle, blood	detected
	Frogs	Atelopus spp.; Colostethus sp.; Polypedates sp.; Brachycephalus spp.	Skin; Skin; Skin; Skin, liver	>1000 MU/g; 100–1000 MU/g; 100–1000 MU/g; 100–1000 MU/g