Review Article
Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Distillation for Desalination of Groundwater: A Review
Table 2
Characteristics of applications of pressure-driven membrane processes [
17].
| Membrane process | Applied pressure (kPa) | Minimum particle size removed | Pollutant removal (type, average removal efficiency%) |
| Microfiltration | 30–500 | 0.1–3 μm | Turbidity (>99%); bacteria (>99.99%) | Ultrafiltration | 30–500 | 0.01–0.1 μm | Turbidity (>99%); bacteria (>99.99%); TOC (20%) | Nanofiltration | 500–1000 | 200–400 daltons | Turbidity (>99%); color (.98%); TOC (>95%); hardness (>90%); sulfate (>97%); virus (>95%) | Reverse osmosis | 1000–5000 | 50–200 daltons | Salinity (>99%); color and DOC (>97%); nitrate (85–95%); pesticide (0–100%); As, Cd, Cr, Pb, F removal (40–98%) |
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