Abstract
Pemphigus herpetiformis (PH) is one of the less common forms of pemphigus. PH in children is unreported. We describe a case of a child who developed PH. Observation. A 12-year-old boy was seen at our department with erosive plaques, vesicles, and crusted cutaneous lesions associated with severe itching persisting for six months. Histologic examination showed an intraepidermal bulla containing rare acantholytic epidermal cells with eosinophilic spongiosis. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated intercellular Ig G and C3 deposit. The serum titer of antibodies against intercellular epidermal was 1/200 UI/l. Diagnosis of PH was made, and treatment with Dapsone 2 mg/kg per day resulted in total clinical remission. However, two months later, new vesicles reappeared and treatment was begun with prednisone at a dose of 2 mg/kg daily. There was a very good response. Discussion. Childhood pemphigus herpetiformis is a rare disease, often initially misdiagnosed. It must not be forgotten that the disease is a possible cause of erosive mucocutaneous disease in children.
1. Introduction
The pemphigus diseases, which include some of the most severe bullous autoimmune skin reactions, are seen predominantly in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Only endemic pemphigus foliaceus in South America most frequently affects juveniles and children. All nonendemic pemphigus diseases, including paraneoplastic pemphigus, have been reported to occur in adolescents and even very rarely in children younger than 10 years.
Pemphigus herpetiformis (PH) is considered a variant of pemphigus displaying clinical features similar to dermatitis herpetiformis and a diverse histopathologic pattern with intraepidermal and subcorneal microabscesses, eosinophilic spongiosis, or superficial bullae with usually scant acantholytic cells [1, 2]. The clinical picture is variable, often with coalescent annular or gyrate vesiculopustular lesions. The diagnosis is based on detection of Ig G antikeratinocyte cell surface antibodies, both bound in vivo and in circulation.
In the literature, few cases of pemphigus are reported in children. This rarity in childhood may be only apparent as a result of its difficult diagnosis. Pemphigus herpetiformis in a child is unreported. We describe a case that developed PH.
2. Observation
An 12-year-old boy was seen at our department in March, 2007, with erosive plaques, vesicles, bulls, and crusted lesions associated with severe itching persisting for six months. The boy’s family history and personal history were unremarkable, and his growth and development had proceeded normally. On examination, we observed vesicular, bullous lesions, some having clear contents and some being purulent with erosive arciform plaques and crusted lesions (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). They were seen especially over the back, buttocks, chest, abdomen legs, and arms. The face, scalp, palms, and soles were spared. The mucosa and nails were normal. Nikolsky’s sign was negative. Results of physical examination were completely normal, except for the cutaneous findings. Laboratory values were within normal limits. Histologic examination of one of the lesions showed an intraepidermal bulla containing rare acantholytic epidermal cells, eosinophil and neurophil cells. The lower epidermis showed eosinophilic spongiosis and focal acanthosis. The superticia1 and reticular dermis had an inflammatory infiltrate of eosinophile and neutrophile around some of the blood vessels (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)). Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated intercellular IgG and complement C3. IgA intercellular deposits on epidermis were not seen (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)). The serum titer of antibodies against intercellular epidermal was positive (1/200 UI/l). Antiendomysial and antigliadin antibodies serum titers were negative. A diagnosis of PH was made, and treatment with Dapsone 2 mg/kg per day resulted in total clinical remission. However, two months later, new vesicles reappeared and treatment was begun with prednisone at a dose of 2 mg/kg daily. There was a very good response; lesions regressed slowly, until they completely disappeared after 4 weeks of treatment. The daily dose of the prednisone was lowered gradually according to the clinical improvement, and, at the time of this report, one year after onset of the disease the skin involvement was being kept under control on a low maintenance dose of 10 mg of prednisone daily.
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3. Discussion
Autoimmune blistering diseases are extremely rare in children [3]. A review from a paediatric dermatology referral center for a population of 4 million people identified only 23 cases of immunobullous disease in patients less than 18 years of age over a 16-year period [4]. Of all the immunobullous disorders in children, pemphigus comprises a minority. A recent review of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) in children found only 46 cases reported in the literature [5]. Cases with PH are quite uncommon.
Pemphigus herpetiformis (PH) was first introduced by Jablonska and colleagues [1] as a variant of pemphigus. Various terms have been used to describe this condition, such as acantholytic herpetiform dermatitis [6], pemphigus controlled by sulfapyridine [7], and mixed bullous disease [8]. Clinical manifestations consist of erythematous, urticarial plaques, and vesicles that present in herpetiform arrangement [8]. Histological findings of HP are variable and include eosinophilic spongiosis and subcorneal pustules with minimal or no apparent acantholysis [9, 10]. Immunofluorescence findings show that most patients with PH have IgG antibodies against keratinocyte cell surfaces [9]. Dapsone is the first choice of drug in the PH treatment given as monotherapy or combined with systemic corticosteroids [2]. In most reported cases, the use of systemic corticosteroids was necessary to achieve clinical remission [2]. In some cases, however, the use of immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine and cyclophosphamide becomes necessary to induce clinical remission or to help in reducing steroid dose so that its collateral effects are minimized [2]. Its position in the pemphigus group remains controversial. Based on its clinical features, some researchers reported the disease as a distinct entity and consider it to be different from classic pemphigus because of its clinical peculiarity and benign course. However, others described it as a variant of pemphigus foliaceus (PF) or PV [9].
We believe the boy presents a pemphigus herpetiformis variant because of the clinical features of dermatitis herpetiformis (vesicles, bulls, and itching) and the immunologic (IgG and C3 deposit on intercellular epidermal) and histological features (intraepidermal bulls and acantholysis) of pemphigus with an eosinophilic spongiosis.
Various types of pemphigus including vulgaris, foliaceus, erythematosus, vegetans, and paraneoplastic pemphigus can be seen in childhood [10]. We could not find reports of pemphigus herpetiformis in childhood other than our patient. Childhood pemphigus herpetiformis is a rare disease, often initially misdiagnosed. The disease must not be forgotten as a possible cause of erosive mucocutaneous disease in children. It is important that antibody titers, management plans, and outcomes for this disease be reported so that greater knowledge of the effects of various treatment regimens can be obtained.
Abbreviations
| Dsg 3: | Desmoglein 3 |
| Dsg 1: | Desmoglein 1 |
| PF: | Pemphigus foliaceus |
| PH: | Pemphigus herpetiformis |
| PV: | Pemphigus vulgaris. |
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.