Synthesis, Characterization, Thermal Properties, and Antimicrobial Activities of 5-(Diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1<i>H</i>-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol and Its Transition Metal Complexes

Padalkar, Vikas S.; Patil, Vikas S.; Gupta, Vinod D.; Phatangare, Kiran R.; Umape, Prashant G.; Sekar, N.

doi:https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/738361

International Scholarly Research Notices

On this page

Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusion References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2011 | Article ID 738361 | https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/738361

Synthesis, Characterization, Thermal Properties, and Antimicrobial Activities of 5-(Diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol and Its Transition Metal Complexes

Vikas S. Padalkar,¹Vikas S. Patil,¹Vinod D. Gupta,¹Kiran R. Phatangare,¹Prashant G. Umape,¹and N. Sekar¹

Academic Editor: T. Ogiku, G. Li, T. Kurtan

Received15 Apr 2011

Accepted14 May 2011

Published12 Jul 2011

Abstract

Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of new metal [Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Fe(II)] complexes from 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol are described. The newly synthesized ligands were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, and LC-MS analysis, and metal-ligand complex formations were confirmed by using atomic absorption spectroscopy and elemental analysis. All complexes show significant in vitro antibacterial activities against E. coli and S. aureus strains and in vitro antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger strains by using serial dilution method. The antibacterial activities were expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in μg/mL. Thermal properties and electrochemical behavior of novel transition metal complexes have been studied.

1. Introduction

Imidazole/Benzimidazole and their derivatives are important class of organic compounds in coordination chemistry, photophysics, photochemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, and bioorganic chemistry [1–7]. 2-(2′-Hydroxyphenyl) benzimidazole (Hpbm) is an important benzimidazole-derived N, O-donor ligand. It’s Zn(II), Be(II), and Al(III) derivatives are photoluminescent [8]. Hydroxyl benzimidazole shows excited-state intramolecular transfer (ESIPT) properties due to acidic protons of phenol and imidazole nitrogen (tautomerism phenomenon). It has been reported that hydroxyl benzimidazole and benzoxazole behave as a structural mimic of DNA base pair for which tautomerism may be initiated at a definite time and position within duplex DNA [9]. Structurally similar natural product bis(benzoxazole) UK-1 has been reported to posses anticancer activity, and the metal-binding studies of UK-1 indicates that benzoxazole-like compound are capable of binding a variety of biologically important metal ions [10]. Benzimidazole derivatives exhibit significant activity against several viruses such as HIV, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) [11, 12], herpes (HSV-1) [13], and influenza [14]. Benzimidazole derivatives are unique and broad-spectrum class of antirhino/enteroviral agents such as antihistaminic [15], antipyretic [16], antiulcerative [17], antihypertensive, antiviral [18, 19], antitumor [20–24], antihistaminic [25], and antiallergic [26] and are also efficient selective neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonists [27].

Several derivatives are reported in literature for the synthesis of benzimidazole-metal complexes for fluorescent probes and bioorganic application, but antimicrobial activities of these classes of compounds have received little attention. In the literature, there are no reports available describing synthesis and antimicrobial activities of metal complexes of 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol. In this paper, we have synthesized novel ligand 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol and its metal complexes and studied their antimicrobial activities.

2. Results and Discussion

The synthetic route for the preparation of 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol metal complexes is shown in Scheme 1. m-(N,N-diethylamino)phenol (1) on formylation by using Vilsmeier-Haack reaction with DMF: POCl₃ at 60°C yielded p-N,N-diethyl amino salicylaldehyde (2). The p-N,N-diethyl amino salicylaldehyde on further reaction with 4-nitrobenzene-1,2-diamine in ethanol and PCl₃ at 60°C yielded the 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol (3). The 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol was reacted with different metal salt in methanol in the presence of catalytic amount of triethyl amine at room temperature to form 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol-metal complexes. The purity of the compounds was confirmed by TLC using precoated silica gel as stationary phase, using appropriate solvent system as mobile phase and visualized under UV-light. Structures of the title compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR analysis, and metal ligand complex formation is confirmed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Intermediate p-N,N-diethyl amino salicylaldehyde formation was confirmed by its melting point. FT-IR and ¹H NMR spectrum of 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol showed absence of absorption band at 1670 cm^–1 confirming the absence of aldehydic functional group by way of conversion into the corresponding benzimidazole, and absence of peak at 9.90 δ ppm confirmed the conversion of formyl functional group into 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol. The FT-IR spectra of compounds 4a–4d are also in complete agreement with their structure. There was sharp modification between the FT-IR spectra of the metal complexes 4a–4d and the ligand 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol (3), most of the bands change their pattern in the region due to coordination of the phenolic oxygen atom of OH group and nitrogen atom of imidazole ring to the metal ions. The complexation of biologically important metals with 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol was further explored with the evaluation of their antimicrobial activity.

2.1. Biological Activity

All compounds were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activities against E. coil and S. aureus strains and in vitro antifungal activity tested against C. albicans and A. niger strains by using serial dilution method.

2.1.1. General

Incubator at 35 and 37°C; pipettes of various sizes (Gilson); sterile tips, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 μL; sterile normal saline; sterile isosensitest agar (Southern Group Laboratory, SGL); antibiotic solutions (Sigma-Aldrich); sterile solution of 10% (v/v) DMSO in water (Sigma-Aldrich).

2.1.2. Medium

Isosensitest medium was used throughout the assay, as it is pH buffered. Although NCCLS recommends the use of Mueller Hinton medium for susceptibility testing [28], the isosensitest medium had comparable results for most of the tested bacterial strains [29].

2.1.3. Preparation of the Plates

Plates were prepared under aseptic conditions. A sterile 96 well plate was labelled. A volume of 100 μL of test material in 10% (v/v) DMSO (usually a stock concentration of 4 mg/mL) was pipetted into the first row of the plate. To all other wells, 50 μL of nutrient broth was added. Serial dilutions were performed using a multichannel pipette. Tips were discarded after use such that each well had 50 μL of the test material in serially descending concentrations. To each well, 10 μL of resazurin indicator solution was added. Using a pipette, 30 μL of 3.3x strength isosensitised broth added to each well to ensure that the final volume was single strength of the nutrient broth. Finally, 10 μL of bacterial suspension (5 × 10⁶ cfu/mL) was added to each well to achieve a concentration of 5 × 10⁵ cfu/mL. Each plate was wrapped loosely with cling film to ensure that bacteria did not become dehydrated. Each plate had a set of controls: a column with a broad-spectrum antibiotic as positive control, a column with all solutions with the exception of the test compound, and a column with all solutions with the exception of the bacterial solution, adding 10 μL of nutrient broth instead. The plates were prepared in triplicate and placed in an incubator set at 37°C for 18–24 h. The colour change was then assessed visually. Any colour changes from purple to pink or colourless were recorded as positive. The lowest concentration at which colour change occurred was taken as the MIC value. The average of three values was calculated and that was the MIC for the test material and bacterial or fungal strain [30].

2.1.4. Antimicrobial Activity

The new ligand and their metal complexes were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus strains and in vitro antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger strains by using serial dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurement determined for compounds showed significant growth inhibition zones using serial dilution method. The MIC (μg/mL) values are recorded in Figure 1. The results mentioned in Figure 1 indicate that most of the tested compounds displayed variable inhibitory effects on growth of tested against bacterial strain and antifungal strain.

The metal complex 4d showed excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus strains but metal-complexes 4a–4c showed moderate activity against tested antibacterial strains. The inhibitory growth of metal-complexes 4a–4d are almost double than novel synthesized ligand 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol (3), and the compound 4b is less active against S. aureus antibacterial strain. Regarding the structure-activity relationship of the novel compound 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol complex with cobalt(II) metal showed better activity than Fe, Ni, and Cu metals.

The results mentioned in Figure 1 showed that ligand as well as metal complexes show good inhibitory growth in case C. albicans as well as A. niger strains. All metal complexes 4a–4d showed better activity than ligand (3). These results indicate that after coordination of biologically important transition, metal with 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol has substantial effect on the antimicrobial activity against tested microorganism. In general, most of the tested compounds revealed better activity against the antibacterial strain (E. coli, S. aureus) and antifungal strain (C. albicans, A. niger). It was also noticed that ligand (3) and metal complexes 4a–4d showed stronger antibacterial activity than antifungal one.

2.2. Thermal Stability

In order to examine the thermal stability of these complexes, thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential scanning colorimeter (DSC) analysis were carried out between 40 and 600°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The TG curves of the complexes are shown in Figure 2. The TG results indicate that the skeleton of the synthesized ligand and its transition metal complexes are stable up to 250°C. Above 250°C, the thermo gravimetric curve of the synthesized compounds show a major loss in weight. The comparisons of the T_d (decomposition temperature) showed that the thermal stability of the 3 and 4a–4d decreases in the order 4b > 4c > 4d > 4a > 3. Metal complexes 4a–4d is thermally more stable than ligand 3. Metal complexes and ligand do not decompose completely even up to temperature 600°C.

In the DSC curve, there is an endothermic peak at 240 and 270°C for ligand 3. Metal complexes 4a–4d shows exothermic peak 310, 395, 290, and 385, respectively, as shown in Figure 3.

2.3. Electrochemical Properties

The electrochemical behavior of all the complexes and ligand were studied by using cyclic voltametry (CV) in dimethyl methyl sulphoxide (0.1 M NEt₄ClO₄) in the potential range −1.6 to +1.2 V by using platinum auxiliary electrode and Pt disc-working electrode at ambient temperature (300 K) with no trace of decomposition as reflected in smooth curve. Cyclic voltammetric studies of the ligand 3 and complexe 4a–4d in dimethyl formamide solution under nitrogen atmosphere are irreversible. The result of cyclic voltammetry of ligand closely resembles with that of metal complexes compounds, which serve as further evidences for similar structural and electronic properties Figure 4.

2.4. UV-Visible Properties of Ligand 3 and Metal Complexes 4a–4d

The UV-vis absorption and emission spectra of ligand 3 and its metal complexes 4a–4d were recorded in DMF at room temperature, and the compound concentrations are 1 × 10⁻⁶ M. The λ_max (absorbance) values of ligand 3 is 294 (0.484), and metal complexes 4a–4d were obtained as 387 (0.629), 366 (1.00), 354 (0.818), and 339 (1.043) nm, respectively. As can be seen, the absorption characteristics of metal complexes 4a–4d are nearly same, while ligand absorbs in blue region as compared to complexes. The absorption spectra of ligand 3 complexes 4a–4d are shown in Figure 5.

3. Conclusion

In conclusion, we have synthesized new ligand 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol and their metal complexes. These novel compounds were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus strains as well as for antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger strains using serial dilution technique. 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol metal complexes give excellent results against bacterial and fungal strain. All synthesized compounds are confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Photophysical properties of all metal complexes are studied.

4. Experimental Section

4.1. General

All commercial reagents and solvents were procured from s.d. fine chemicals (India) and were used without purification. The reaction was monitored by TLC using on 0.25 mm E-Merck silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ precoated plates, which were visualized with UV light. Melting points were measured on standard melting point apparatus from Sunder industrial product Mumbai and are uncorrected. The FT-IR spectra were recorded on Perkins-Elmer 257 spectrometer using KBr discs. ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded on VXR 300-MHz instrument using TMS as an internal standard.

4.2. Procedure for Preparation of 4-(Diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2)

Phosphorous oxychloride (POCl₃) (2.75 mL, 0.03 mole) was slowly added to dimethylformamide (DMF) (3.65 mL, 0.05 mole) at 5–10°C under the stirring. To this cooled reagent, 3-(diethyl amino)phenol (0.01 mole) was added by dissolving it into DMF (6 mL) under the stirring, and the resulting mixture was heated at 75°C for 4 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then poured into ice water (60 mL). Reaction mass was neutralised with sodium carbonate, brown colored solid separated out, filtered the separated product washed with cold water, dried, and crystallised from ethanol to get pure product (m.p. 62°C) (lit. 62–64°C).

4.3. Procedure for Preparation of 5-(Diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol (3)

Phosphorus trichloride (0.33 mol) was added dropwise to a solution of the p-N,N-diethyl salicylaldehyde (0.33 mol) N,N-diethyl m-amino phenol (0.33 mol) in ethanol (50 mL), maintaining the temperature at 40–45°C. The mixture was heated at 60°C for 4 h, after the completion of reaction (monitored by TLC) cooled the reaction mass at room temperature and made alkaline to pH 8 with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (20% w/v). Reaction mass was concentrated under vacuum, and the solid which obtained was collected and crystallized from isopropyl alcohol.

4.3.1. Spectral Analysis of 5-(Diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol

IR (KBr, cm^–1): 2991, 1620, 1520, 1338, 1149, 946, 817, 733.¹H-NMR (300 MHz): δ 1.21 (t, 6H, CH₃), 3.42 (q, 4H, CH₂), 6.27 (d, 1H, Aromatic H), 7.26 (d, 1H, Aromatic H), 7.29 (m, 2H, Aromatic H), 7.88 (d, 1H, Aromatic H), 7.85 (d, 1H, Aromatic H), 8.17 (s, 1H, NH), 12.43 (s, 1H, OH).LC-MS: (327.3, 97.99%).

4.3.2. FT-IR Data of Metal Complexes 4a–4d

4a: IR (KBr, cm^–1): 2972, 1606, 1498, 1262, 1144, 1074, 821, 726.4b: IR (KBr, cm^–1): 2974, 1608, 1498, 1336, 1258, 1148, 1063, 1019, 818.4c: IR (KBr, cm^–1): 2973, 1607, 1497, 1336, 1258, 1149, 1019, 820.4c: IR (KBr, cm^–1): 2974, 1607, 1498, 1339, 1261, 1069, 827, 732.

4.4. General Procedure for Metal Complexation

To a solution of ligand, 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol (3) (0.1 mole) in methanol (15 mL) was added a few drops of triethyl amine and solution of metal salts (0.05 mole) in methanol (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature. The product, thus, separated was filtered, washed with water followed by methanol, and dried to give 4a–4d. Metal-ligand complexation was confirmed by using atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Atomic absorption spectra were recorded using atomic absorption spectrometer model GBC 932 (GBC Scientific Equipment, Australia). Exactly weighed dye samples were dissolved in 20 mL of dimethyl sulphoxide and diluted to 100 mL with distilled water and analyzed by GBC 932 plus atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Acetylene was used as fuel, and air was used as carrier gas. Certified 1000 mg/L standard solution of iron (Merck, Mumbai) was used to perform calibration using hallow cathode lamp for iron at 248.3 nm wavelength. The samples were prepared in such a manner that they will result in 2 mg/L solution containing 1 : 2 complexes. Samples were analyzed form different metals using atomic absorption spectrometer analysis. Table 1 compares the experimental results of AAS analysis and with one calculated on the theoretical basis. The results of AAS analysis are in well agreement with the predicted results within the limitations of the experimental error, which confirms the proposed 1 : 2 metal complex stoichiometric between metal and ligand.

Acknowledgment

The author is greatly thankful to I.I.T. Mumbai for recording the ¹H-NMR spectra.

References

X. C. Huang, J. P. Zhang, and X. M. Chen, “A new route to supramolecular isomers via molecular templating: nanosized molecular polygons of copper(I) 2-methylimidazolates,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126, no. 41, pp. 13218–13219, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. P. Tong, S. L. Zheng, and X. M. Chen, “Syntheses, structures, and luminescent properties of isomorphous hydroxo-bridged aluminum(III) and indium(III) compounds with 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole,” Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 653–656, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. P. Tong, S. L. Zheng, and X. M. Chen, “Syntheses, structures, photoluminescence and theoretical studies of two dimeric Zn(II) compounds with aromatic N,O-chelate phenolic ligands,” Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 826, no. 2-3, pp. 104–112, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. P. Tong and S. L. Zheng, “Synthesis, structure, spectroscopic properties, DFT and TDDFT investigations of copper(II) complex with 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole,” Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 841, no. 1–3, pp. 34–40, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Rüther, K. J. Cavell, N. C. Braussaud, B. W. Skelton, and A. H. White, “Synthesis, characterisation and catalytic behaviour of a novel class of chromium(III) and vanadium(III) complexes containing bi- and tri-dentate imidazole chelating ligands: a comparative study,” Journal of the Chemical Society, no. 24, pp. 4684–4693, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Rajan, R. Rajaram, B. U. Nair, T. Ramasami, and S. K. Mandal, “Synthesis, characterisation and superoxide dismutase activity of a manganese(II) complex,” Journal of the Chemical Society, no. 9, pp. 2019–2021, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
T. J. Cardwell, A. J. Edwards, R. M. Hartshorn, R. J. Holmes, and W. D. McFadyen, “Structural and electrochemical studies of some cobalt (III) complexes of 2-aminomethylbenzimidazole and 2-(N-methylaminomethyl) benzimidazole,” Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 1009–1015, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. P. Tong and Y. W. Lin, “Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, DFT- and TDDFT-based spectroscopic property investigations on a mixed-ligand chromium(III) complex, bis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazolato]-(1,10-phenanthroline)chromium(III) isophthalate,” Inorganica Chimica Acta, vol. 362, no. 7, pp. 2167–2171, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. K. Ogawa, O. K. Abou-Zied, V. Tsui, R. Jimenez, R. A. Case, and F. E. Romesberg, “A phototautomerizable model DNA base pair,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, no. 41, pp. 9917–9920, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. L. Reyzer, J. S. Brodbelt, S. M. Kerwin, and D. Kumar, “Evaluation of complexation of metal-mediated DNA-binding drugs to oligonucleotides via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry,” Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 29, no. 21, p. 103, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
A. R. Porcari, R. V. Devivar, L. S. Kucera, J. C. Drach, and L. B. Townsend, “Design, synthesis, and antiviral evaluations of 1-(substituted benzyl)- 2-substituted-5,6-dichlorobenzimidazoles as nonnucleoside analogues of 2,5,6- trichloro-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 1252–1262, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Roth, M. L. Morningstar, P. L. Boyer, S. M. Hughes, R. W. Buckheit, and C. J. Michejda, “Synthesis and biological activity of novel nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. 2-Aryl-substituted benzimidazoles,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 40, no. 26, pp. 4199–4207, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. T. Migawa, J. L. Girardet, J. A. Walker et al., “Design, synthesis, and antiviral activity of α-nucleosides: D- and L- isomers of lyxofuranosyl- and (5-deoxylyxofuranosyl)benzimidazoles,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 1242–1251, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Tamm, “Inhibition of influenza and mumps virus multiplication by 4,5,6- (or 5,6,7-) trichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole,” Science, vol. 120, no. 3125, pp. 847–848, 1954.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. H. Muhaimeed, “A parallel-group comparison of astemizole and loratadine for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis,” Journal of International Medical Research, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 175–181, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Cohn, “Zur kenntniss des o-amidophenetidins,” Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 2239–2242, 1899.
View at: Google Scholar
L. J. Scott, C. J. Dunn, G. Mallarkey, and M. Sharpe, “Esomeprazole: a review of its use in the management of acid-related disorders,” Drugs, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 1503–1538, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Saluja, R. Zou, J. C. Drach, and L. B. Townsend, “Structure-activity relationships among 2-substituted 5,6-dichloro-, 4,6-dichloro-, and 4,5-dichloro-1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]- and -1-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]benzimidazoles,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 881–891, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Zarrinmayeh, D. M. Zimmerman, B. E. Cantrell et al., “Structure-activity relationship of a series of diaminoalkyl substituted benzimidazole as neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonists,” Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 647–652, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Antonini, F. Claudi, G. Cristalli, P. Franchetti, M. Grifantini, and S. Martelli, “Heterocyclic quinones with potential antitumor activity. 2. Synthesis and antitumor activity of some benzimidazole-4,7-dione derivatives,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 260–264, 1988.
View at: Google Scholar
E. B. Skibo and W. G. Schulz, “Pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole-based aziridinyl quinones. A new class of DNA cleaving agent exhibiting G and A base specificity,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 36, no. 21, pp. 3050–3055, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
E. B. Skibo, “The discovery of the pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole antitumor agents—The design of selective antitumor agents,” Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 47–78, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Zhou and E. B. Skibo, “Chemistry of the pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole antitumor agents: influence of the 7-substituent on the ability to alkylate DNA and inhibit topoisomerase II,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 39, no. 21, pp. 4321–4331, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. A. Craigo, B. W. LeSueur, and E. B. Skibo, “Design of highly active analogues of the pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole antitumor agents,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 42, no. 17, pp. 3324–3333, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Janssens, J. Torremans, M. Janssen, R. Stokbroekx, M. Luyckx, and P. A. Janssen, “New antihistaminic N-heterocyclic 4-piperidinamines. 1. Synthesis and antihistaminic activity of N-(4-piperidinyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-amines,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1925–1933, 1985.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Nakano, T. Inoue, N. Kawasaki et al., “Synthesis and biological activities of novel antiallergic agents with 5- lipoxygenase inhibiting action,” Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 373–380, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Zarrinmayeh, A. M. Nunes, P. L. Ornstein et al., “Synthesis and evaluation of a series of novel 2-[(4- chlorophenoxy)methyl]benzimidazoles as selective neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonists,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 41, no. 15, pp. 2709–2719, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically. Approved Standard M7-A4, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa, USA, 2000.
L. M. Koeth, A. King, H. Knight et al., “Comparison of cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton with iso-sensitest broth for the NCCLS broth microdilution method,” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 369–376, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
S. D. Sarker, L. Nahar, and Y. Kumarasamy, “Microtitre plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its application in the in vitro antibacterial screening of phytochemicals,” Methods, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 321–324, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2011 Vikas S. Padalkar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2042

Downloads

1545

Citations