Development and Evaluation of Microemulsions for Transdermal Delivery of Insulin

Table 1

Compositions of insulin-loaded microemulsions and permeation fluxes (μg/cm²/hour) through excised mouse and goat skin.

Formulation no.	Oil phase		Surfactant and cosurfactant (3 : 1)	Water	DMSO	Permeation fluxes (μg/cm^2/hour)^†
	Isopropyl myristate	Oleic acid	(Tween 80 and isopropyl alcohol)			Mouse skin	Goat skin
F1	40%	—	50%	10%	—	1.19 ± 0.04	ND*
F2	35%	—	55%	10%	—	2.14 ± 0.06	ND*
F3	30%	—	60%	10%	—	2.45 ± 0.05	1.64 ± 0.04
F4	—	20%	40%	40%	—	4.48 ± 0.09	ND*
F5	—	15%	45%	40%	—	4.65 ± 0.12	ND*
F6	—	10%	50%	40%	—	5.09 ± 0.07	4.47 ± 0.09
F7	30%	—	60%	08%	2%	ND*	1.91 ± 0.05
F8	—	10%	50%	38%	2%	ND*	4.93 ± 0.12

ND*: Not determined.
^†Mean ± Standard Error, 𝑛=3.