Importance of IL-10 Modulation by Probiotic Microorganisms in Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Diseases

Table 1

Examples of probiotic strains/mixtures/fermented foods that exert anti-inflammatory effects through the modulation of IL-10.

	Demonstrated effect/mechanism	Host	Ref.
Probiotic mixtures
BIFICO mixture	Prevention of flare-ups of chronic ulcerative colitis/inhibition of NF-κB activation, decrease the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β and increased expression of IL-10	Patients with UC	[65]
VSL#3 mixture	Prevention of autoimmune diabetes/increased production of IL-10 from Peyer's patches and the spleen, increased IL-10 expression in the pancreas	Nonobese diabetic mice	[66]
	Antiallergic effect/cytokine production by spleen cells was modulated towards a Treg/Th0 profile, increased IL-10 and IFN-γ production, reduction of serum specific IgG1, reduction of IL-13 and IL-4 mRNA expression, and increased IL-10 expression at lung level	Allergen-induced mice	[67]
	Improvement of colitis/increased production of IL-10 and number of regulatory CD4+ T cells bearing surface TGF-βa in the form of latency-associated protein	TNBS-induced mice	[68]
L. paracasei DSM 13434, L. plantarum DSM 15312 & 15313	Decreased autoimmune encephalomyelitis/attenuation of proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokines followed by IL-10 induction in mesenteric lymph nodes, and involvement of IL-10 producing CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells	Multiple sclerosis mice	[69]
Fermented products
Probiotic yogurt	Inhibition of colon tumour growth/decrease of the inflammatory response by increasing IL-10-secreting cells, cellular apoptosis, and diminishing procarcinogenic enzymes	DMH-induce mice	[70]
	Reduction of the severity of intestinal inflammation/increased levels of IL-10 in the intestines and decrease in IL-17 and IL-12 levels in addition to beneficial changes in the intestinal microbiota	TNBS-induced mice	[46]
Fermented Maesil (Prunus mume) with probiotics	Suppression of the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions/increased serum concentration of IL-10 and decreased IL-4, decreases in eosinophil ratio and serum IgE concentration	NC/Nga mouse model	[71]
Probiotic strains
L. casei DG	Improvement of gut microbiota/reduction of TLR4 and IL-1β mRNA levels and significantly increased mucosal IL-10	Patients with UC	[72]
L. casei CRL 431	Increased resistance against Streptococcus pneumonia/improved production of TNF-α and activity of phagocytes in the respiratory tract, IL-4 and IL-10 were significantly increased, increase in the levels of specific respiratory IgA	Malnourished mice	[73]
L. rhamnosus GG	Amelioration of intestinal inflammation/decreased LPS-induced cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 production in liver and plasma, meliorated LPS-suppressed IL-10 level in lungs and decreased IL-1b production in liver	Gastrostomy-fed rats	[74]
L. casei BL23	Protection against colitis/increased IL-10/IL-12 cytokine ratio	TNBS-induced mice	[75]
L. delbrueckii UFV-H2b20	Protection against L. monocytogenes/induced higher production of IL-10 in the mucosal immune system, favored and effector responses (increased production of TNF-α in the serum, peritoneal cavity, and gut) while preventing their immunopathological consequences	Germ-free mice	[76]
L. salivarius CECT5713	Improvement of gut microbiota/significant increase of NK cells and monocytes, as well as the plasmatic levels of IgM, A, and G, and the regulatory cytokine IL-10	Healthy adults	[77]
S. cerevisiae UFMG 905	Prevention of bacterial translocation and improvement of intestinal barrier integrity/increase of IL-10 levels	Murine intestinal obstruction model	[78]
L. casei DN-114 001	Prevention of induced colitis/increase in TGF-β and IL-10 mRNA and protein expression	DSS-induced mice	[54]
GM-strains
L. plantarum NCIMB8826ΔDlt	Immunomodulatory properties/reduction of secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), and increase in IL-10 production	TNBS-induced mice	[79]
L. lactis IL-10	Prevention of pulmonary inflammation and mucus hypersecretion. Decrease in eosinophil numbers, EPO activity, anti-OVA IgE, and IgG1 levels, IL-4, IL-5, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CCL11	OVA-induced mice	[80]
	Reduction in colitis and histological damages of the intestines/increased IL-10 levels in the intestines	DSS-induced mice	[81]