Acute Relationship between Cognitive and Psychological Symptoms of Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Table 5

Correlation coefficients (Spearman rank) between the Rivermead postconcussive questionnaire item scores and the psychological and neuropsychological scores.

Tests	Headaches	Dizziness	Nausea/vomiting	Noise sensitivity	Sleep disturbance	Fatigue	Irritability	Feeling depressed	Feeling frustrated	Forgetfulness	Poor concentration	Taking longer to think	Blurred vision	Light sensitivity	Double vision	Restlessness
Beck anxiety score
Spearman	.212	.371	.191	.208	.228	.289	.117	.458	.261	.217	.339	.316	.279	.363	.090	.231
Sig	.107	.004	.147	.114	.083	.026	.376	.000	.046	.099	.009	.015	.032	.005	.500	.078
Beck depression score
Spearman	.258	.190	.209	.294	.368	.310	.269	.466	.309	.319	.436	.400	.237	.332	.042	.273
Sig	.048	.150	.112	.024	.004	.017	.039	.000	.017	.014	.001	.002	.070	.010	.752	.036
Hooper
Spearman	−.080	−.297	−.189	−.147	−.168	−.226	−.121	−.307	−.194	−.212	−.178	−.136	−.173	−.271	−.051	−.220
Sig	.548	.022	.152	.267	.205	.086	.362	.018	.141	.107	.178	.303	.190	.038	.699	.094
Bell: completion time
Spearman	.128	.159	.197	.236	.213	.257	−.030	.334	.154	.190	.148	.215	.154	.211	.113	.196
Sig	.333	.228	.134	.071	.105	.050	.824	.010	.243	.149	.264	.101	.244	.109	.395	.136
Bell: nb omissions
Spearman	−.056	−.011	−.126	.172	.264	.017	.117	.151	.113	.099	.067	.072	−.117	.037	−.157	−.079
Sig	.672	.933	.342	.194	.043	.898	.379	.252	.396	.456	.614	.586	.379	.778	.235	.554
Mental manipulation
Spearman	−.340	−.130	−.257	−.414	−.283	−.372	−.145	−.377	−.171	−.150	−.269	−.264	−.238	−.192	.012	−.225
Sig	.008	.325	.050	.001	.030	.004	.275	.003	.196	.256	.040	.043	.069	.145	.926	.087
Symbols
Spearman	−.276	−.307	−.251	−.406	−.241	−.325	−.189	−.394	−.198	−.194	−.239	−.238	−.237	−.265	−.170	−.257
Sig	.034	.018	.055	.001	.066	.012	.152	.002	.132	.141	.068	.069	.071	.042	.197	.049
Digit span forward
Spearman	−.250	−.192	−.255	−.406	−.160	−.436	−.214	−.481	−.215	−.251	−.265	−.413	−.271	−.286	−.106	−.377
Sig	.056	.145	.052	.001	.225	.001	.103	.000	.101	.055	.042	.001	.038	.028	.423	.003
Digit span backward
Spearman	−.307	−.156	−.323	−.341	−.290	−.278	.030	−.339	−.114	−.243	−.239	−.356	−.189	−.317	−.064	−.209
Sig	.019	.242	.013	.009	.027	.034	.823	.009	.395	.066	.071	.006	.156	.015	.631	.115
Rey: copy
Spearman	−.042	−.131	−.217	−.215	−.341	−.215	−.095	−.145	−.122	−.310	−.056	−.087	−.186	−.107	−.078	−.001
Sig	.751	.324	.099	.102	.008	.102	.476	.275	.356	.017	.671	.514	.159	.420	.557	.995
Rey: immediate
Spearman	.010	−.190	−.070	−.201	−.347	−.158	−.090	−.125	−.189	−.246	−.025	−.031	−.023	−.077	.026	.034
Sig	.941	.150	.597	.127	.007	.232	.497	.346	.151	.060	.851	.814	.864	.561	.843	.797
Rey: delayed
Spearman	−.037	−.310	−.171	−.232	−.170	−.121	−.109	−.145	−.152	−.317	−.032	−.092	−.091	−.204	.093	−.057
Sig	.779	.017	.196	.078	.199	.361	.410	.275	.250	.014	.809	.488	.493	.121	.482	.666
Hopkins: R1
Spearman	−.016	.030	−.090	−.168	−.319	−.168	.003	−.038	−.110	−.152	−.052	−.060	−.090	−.202	−.163	−.188
Sig	.902	.824	.498	.203	.014	.204	.984	.774	.405	.250	.698	.654	.499	.125	.217	.155
Hopkins: R2
Spearman	−.132	−.030	−.107	−.271	−.199	−.202	.053	−.156	.070	−.200	−.006	−.114	.036	−.240	−.008	−.057
Sig	.317	.821	.418	.038	.131	.126	.693	.239	.600	.128	.967	.392	.785	.067	.954	.666
Hopkins: R3
Spearman	−.269	−.193	−.259	−.197	−.253	−.274	.012	−.357	−.055	−.310	−.133	−.215	−.107	−.281	−.165	−.160
Sig	.039	.142	.048	.136	.053	.035	.930	.006	.682	.017	.315	.101	.419	.031	.212	.226
Hopkins: delayed
Spearman	−.105	−.025	.026	−.078	−.140	−.121	.117	−.164	.096	−.048	.000	−.030	.064	−.077	−.069	−.051
Sig	.429	.849	.846	.557	.290	.361	.378	.216	.469	.716	.998	.820	.633	.564	.602	.703
Hopkins: recognition
Spearman	−.098	−.135	−.185	−.168	−.241	−.241	−.025	−.374	−.147	−.286	−.113	−.139	−.048	−.194	−.034	−.233
Sig	.462	.309	.161	.204	.066	.065	.853	.003	.266	.028	.393	.294	.716	.142	.795	.076
Phonological fluency
Spearman	−.015	−.048	.015	−.231	−.251	−.123	.063	−.167	−.013	−.084	−.026	−.090	−.041	−.120	−.034	−.027
Sig	.912	.718	.912	.078	.055	.355	.635	.206	.924	.525	.847	.500	.756	.365	.796	.838
Semantic fluency
Spearman	−.282	−.085	−.235	−.436	−.227	−.294	−.023	−.382	−.075	−.182	−.144	−.196	−.127	−.276	−.098	−.176
Sig	.032	.525	.076	.001	.087	.025	.865	.003	.578	.172	.281	.141	.342	.036	.462	.185
Arithmetic
Spearman	−.079	−.148	−.106	−.114	−.252	−.178	.006	−.349	−.094	−.196	−.196	−.290	−.173	−.251	−.123	−.029
Sig	.553	.262	.424	.392	.054	.177	.966	.007	.479	.137	.137	.026	.190	.055	.354	.830
Trail A
Spearman	.325	.337	.390	.325	.252	.514	.142	.345	.162	.359	.340	.392	.225	.331	.136	.336
Sig	.012	.009	.002	.012	.054	.000	.284	.008	.219	.005	.008	.002	.086	.010	.304	.009
Trail B
Spearman	.171	.062	.106	.181	.198	.246	−.078	.184	.020	.126	.205	.217	.071	.260	−.027	.017
Sig	.195	.641	.425	.171	.132	.061	.555	.164	.881	.342	.120	.098	.593	.047	.839	.896