Clinical Study
Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Measured by Heart Rate Variability and Markers of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Early Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
General characteristics of participants.
| | Diabetic () | Control () | | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
| | Age (year) | 50.93 (5.07) | 48.73 (5.71) | | Female (%) | 52.8 | 58.8 | | Diabetes duration (years) | 8.6 (6.67) | — | | Height (cm) | 164.36 (8.04) | 163.01 (10.24) | | Weight (Kg) | 73.84 (11.23) | 76.26 (11.79) | | BMI (Kg/m2) | 27.37 (3.88) | 28.85 (4.79) | | WC (cm) | 94.18 (7.67) | 93.71 (10.46) | | FPG (mg/dL) | 159.66 (56.76) | 94.02 (13.32)§ | | HbA1c (%) | 7.95 (1.70) | 5.27 (0.67)† | | Fasting plasma insulin (μIU/mL) | 10.29 (6.25) | 7.53 (5.03)† | | HOMA-IR | 3.01 (2.38) | 2.52 (1.64)£ | | Urinary albumin (mg/L) | 4.85 (3.16) | 3.74 (2.80) | | Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.96 (0.17) | 0.97 (0.13) | | hs-CRP (mg/L) | 4.8 (2.3) | 3.9 (2.0)†£ | | SBP (mmHg) | 131.00 (17.55) | 120.60 (14.50)* | | DBP (mmHg) | 77.32 (8.77) | 75.71 (10.47) | | T-C (mg/dL) | 202.27 (31.37) | 171.05 (38.45)† | | HDL-C (mg/dL) | 40.69 (8.47) | 46.45 (10.86)† | | LDL-C (mg/dL) | 115.08 (22.33) | 93.33 (23.48)† | | TG (mg/dL) | 181.91 | 168.98 (91.14)£ | | Metformin ()(%) | 43 (76.0) |
— | | Glibenclamide () (%) | 41 (71.9) | | Statin () (%) | 36 (63.1) | | CIMT (mm) | 0.73 (0.17) | 0.61 (0.09)† | | FMD (%) | 12.78 (7.54) | 18.09 (10.64)† | | CACS§ | 95.46 (294.12) | 24.25 (102.92)†£ |
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Data are , means ± SD.
WC: waist circumference, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, T-C: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness, FMD: (brachial artery) flow-mediated dilation, and CACS: coronary artery calcium.
, , and §Agatston score.
£By Mann-Whitney test.
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