Abstract
Busulfan is used in preparative regimens for bone marrow transplantation and timely busulfan plasma concentration reporting is critical for subsequent dose adjustment. We compared two sensitive methods for pharmacokinetics studies including LC-MS assay and HPLC precolumn derivatization assay. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Gemini C18 column. Liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate was used for plasma sample preparation. Busulfan and internal standard ([2H8]-busulfan) were detected as ammonium adducts at m/z 264.2 and 272.2 for LC-MS assay. For HPLC assay, the extraction from plasma was derivatized with 2-naphathalenethiol using synthesized internal standard (1,6-(methanesulfonyloxy)octane). The Ex and Em wavelength was 255 nm and 370 nm. The limit of detection was 15.6 ng/mL and 7.8 ng/mL for HPLC and LC-MS assay and good linearity ranging from 31.25–1000 ng/mL for HPLC and 15.6-1000 ng/mL for LC-MS assay. The intra and interday assay precision were less than 9.2% and 12.0% for LC-MS and HPLC assay. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental pharmacokinetic model with WinNonlin. Busulfan AUClast showed an average difference of 0.7% between the two methods. The LC-MS method is accurate, reproducible, and requires less specimen, sample preparation and analysis time over the HPLC assay, making busulfan monitoring faster and easier in clinical practice.
1. Introduction
Busulfan (1,4-busulfantanediol dimethanesulfonate) has been commonly used for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and for bone marrow transplantation. Busulfan has a narrow therapeutic index, and acute toxicity may be related to absorption and disposition of the drug and metabolites. High systemic exposure of busulfan has been shown to contribute to transplantation-related toxicities, such as veno-occlusive disease, interstitial pneumonia, or neurotoxicity [1, 2]. The toxic effects were strongly related to high drug exposure by the steady-state plasma concentrations and/or area under the curve of busulfan. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has been considered of benefit for individual optimization of busulfan therapy [3].
Different analytical methods have been developed for busulfan measurement in plasma and other biological fluids, including GC and GC-MS [4–7], HPLC with UV detection [8–10], and with fluorescence detection [11, 12] and LC-MS [13, 14]. In the present study, we compared two published methods: (1) a rapid and accurate LC-MS assay with SIM mode, (2) a sensitive HPLC-FL assay using 2-naphthalenethiol derivatization for the busulfan quantitation. Both methods were partially validated in small volume of plasma and applied to pharmacokinetics evaluation of busulfan in a phase I trial of in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
Busulfan, 1,8-octanediol, 2-naphthalenethiol and methane sulfonyl chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., (St. Louis, MO). [2H8]-busulfan was purchased from C/D/N isotopes Inc., Canada (Pointe-Claire, Quebec). HPLC-grade solvents methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). The control plasma from healthy volunteers used for the preparation of calibration standards was purchased from New Brunswick affiliated hospital blood bank (New Brunswick, NJ, USA).
2.2. Synthesis of Internal Standard for HPLC Assay
1,8-Bis(methanesulfonyloxy)octane was used as an internal standard and synthesized as per Chen’s method [7]. Briefly, solution of methanesulfonyl chloride (2.5 g) in methylene chloride (4.0 mL) was added slowly to a solution of 1,8-octanediol (1.46 g), pyridine (1.74 g), and methylene chloride (4.0 mL) while stirring at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 hr, extracted three times with water, and evaporated at reduced pressure.
2.3. Preparation of Standard Solutions
Stock solutions of busulfan (1.0 mg/mL), d8-busulfan (5.0 mg/mL, and synthesized internal standard (5.0 mg/mL) were prepared in acetonitrile. A set of busulfan calibration standards (15.6~1000 ng/mL) were prepared in control plasma by serial dilution of stock solutions. All the stock and the plasma standard solutions were stored at −20°C.
2.4. Busulfan HPLC-FL Assay
Plasma sample preparation followed Hara’s method [11]. 300 μL plasma standard or 100 μL patient plasma samples diluted with 200 μL water were spiked with 10 μL internal standard (20 μg/mL). After extracted with 3 mL ethyl acetate, the organic phase was collected and evaporated to dryness at 45°C. The residue was dissolved in 200 μL ethanol, and 10 μL each of 0.3 M NAT solution (in acetone) and 1 M sodium hydroxide. The tube was tightly closed and maintained at 85°C in a heating block for 1 hr. The sample solution was diluted to 500 μL with methanol and N, N-dimethylformamide, and 25 μL of the mixture was injected throughout the study. Quantitation of busulfan was performed using Hitachi 7000 series HPLC, equipped with a Hitachi L-7200 autosampler, L-7100 quaternary pump, L-7480 fluorescence detector, and D-7000 interface data processing software (Hitachi Co., Tokyo, Japan). The separations were performed on a Gemini C18 reversed-phase column (100 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm, Phenomenex Co., Torrance, CA). The fluorescence detector was set at Ex and Em wavelength of 255 nm and 370 nm. LC conditions were as follows: mobile phase A: 0.1 M ammonium acid solution (); mobile phase B: 100% acetonitrile; mobile phase C: 100% methanol; flow rate 1.0 mL/min; gradient, 0 to 15 min, 16% A, 4% B and 80% C; 15 to 17 min, 16% to 5% A, 4% to 5% B and 80% to 90% C; 17 to 25 min, 5% A, 5% B, 90% C; 25 to 30 min, 16% A, 4% B and 80% C. The retention times of busulfan and the internal standard were 15.7 min and 25.2 min, respectively.
2.5. Busulfan LC/MS Assay
Plasma busulfan concentrations were determined following the modification of Murdter’s method [14]. 200 μL plasma standard and 50 μL patient plasma samples diluted with 150 μL water and spiked with 5 μL internal standard (20 μg/mL [2H8]-busulfan) were added with 250 μL water and extracted with 3 mL ethyl acetate. The organic phase was collected and evaporated to dryness at 45°C. The residue was dissolved in 200 μL mobile phase with 5 μL acetic acid. The chromatographic separation was performed using the same Gemini C18 column at column temperature of 30°C. The isocratic elution was used at 500 μL/min with mobile phase of 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate and 10 mL/L acetic acid in water and acetonitrile (30 : 70). A Surveyor LC (Surveyor MS pump, Surveyor Autosampler) with TSQ Quantum mass spectrometer equipped with ESI source was used for analysis with Xcaliber data acquisition software (ThermoElectron, San Jose, CA). Electrospray setting parameters were as follows: ion spray voltage, 3800 v; capillary temperature 350°C; sheath gas pressure 50 arbitrary units; Aux gas pressure 35 arbitrary units. Busulfan and [2H8]-busulfan were detected as ammonium adducts at m/z 264.2 and 272.2, respectively. The retention time of busulfan and [2H8]-busulfan was 4.1 min.
2.6. Assay Partial Validation
The partial validation was performed for both methods. The stability test and recovery of busulfan in plasma using ethyl acetate were not repeated since these studies were well established in references [11, 13]. Linearity was assessed by weighted linear regression (1/conc.) of the analyte-internal standard peak area ratios for the LC-MS assay and by linear regression for the HPLC-FL assay. The intra- and interday precision and accuracy were measured by quality control plasma samples for both methods. The limit of detection (LOD) was defined as signal/noise ratio of 3. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was defined at the lowest drug concentration that can be determined with precision and accuracy of less than 20%.
2.7. Pharmacokinetics Study
The pharmacokinetic study was performed in a phase I trial of busulfan in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Busulfan was administered at 80 mg/m2 i.v. infusion. Blood samples were collected at the end of the infusion and 15, 30, 60, 240, 300, 360 min after the end of infusion. The plasma was separated and kept at −80°C until analysis.
The pharmacokinetic parameters for each individual were determined by noncompartmental analysis (WinNonlin, version 2.1; Pharsight Corp.). Estimates of clearance (CL), AUClast, and half-life (1/2) were generated. Results are expressed as mean and standard deviation. The agreement of patient plasma concentrations and AUClast and obtained by the two methods was assessed by two-tailed t-test.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. HPLC-FL Assay
Representative chromatograms of busulfan and internal standard in plasma are shown in Figure 1. Calibration curve for busulfan was in good linearity ranging from 31.25 to 1000 ng/mL (, , mean ± S.D., ). The lowest LOD was 15.6 ng/mL and the lower limit of quantitation was 31.25 ng/mL, observed with acceptable and reproducible precision and accuracy (Table 1). The above linearity range was suitable for busulfan concentration detection in patient plasma in this study. The sensitivity is sufficient to meet the requirement for quantitation of busulfan. Table 1 summarizes precision and accuracy results at three quality control samples in plasma. The precision was less than 12.0% and the accuracy ranged from 0.05% to 4.3%. Intra- and interday precision and accuracy were satisfactory for bioanalytical method validation.
3.2. LC-MS Assay
Chromatograms resulting form the extractions of a blank plasma sample, a quality-control sample (125 ng/mL), and a patient plasma sample are shown in Figure 2. Because of the highly selective detection method, there were no interfering peaks in blank plasma sample. This assay requires only 200 μL plasma for accurate measurement at lower concentration (15.6 ng/mL). The small patient plasma volume (50 μL) is more appropriate when TDM for busulfan was performed in children. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration range from 15.6 to 1000 ng/mL, with correlation coefficient of (). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 7.8 ng/mL and 15.6 ng/mL, respectively. The accuracy and precision values are shown in Table 1. The intra- and interassay precision was less than 9.2% and the accuracy ranged from −2.1 to 3.0%.
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3.3. Pharmacokinetics Application of HPLC and LC-MS Assay
We compared busulfan plasma concentrations determined by HPLC and LC/MS assay in samples from five patients receiving 80 mg/m2 busulfan in a phase I clinical trial (Figure 3(a)). The good linear correlation (, with slope of 0.95) was obtained between concentration in two different assays (Figure 3(b)). Also the AUC showed 0.9% difference between the two assays (Table 2). Paired t-test showed no significant difference between concentrations measured by two assays. These analyses indicate that the two methods yield very similar results for pharmacokinetic evaluation.
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4. Conclusion
Two methods including HPLC and LC-MS were compared for plasma busulfan quantitation. Both assays are precise, sensitive, and accurate to meet the quantitation of busulfan in plasma. The LC/MS assay avoids time-consuming sample derivatization step and allows for low volume sample analysis. The LC/MS assay is well suited for the rapid and accurate measurement of busulfan in clinical drug monitoring.
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Cancer Institute of New Jersey (New Brunswick, NJ, USA).