Imaging Evaluation of Dogs and Cats with Dysphagia

Table 3

Mean values (±standard deviation) for pharyngeal constriction ratio and time to opening of the upper esophageal sphincter in healthy dogs, dogs with pharyngeal weakness, and dogs with cricopharyngeal dyssynchrony [7].

Value	Healthy dogs (𝑛=10)	Pharyngeal weakness (𝑛=11)	Cricopharyngeal dyssynchrony (𝑛=4)
Pharyngeal constriction ratio	0.15 ± 0.36	0.60 ± 0.28	0.61 ± 0.22
Upper esophageal sphincter opening (seconds)	0.07 ± 0.00	0.07 ± 0.01	0.28 ± 0.04