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| Where? | |
| All over Europe, but especially in Belgium, France, and Germany | |
| When? | |
| (i) High-risk seasons (mainly autumn and spring) | |
| (ii) Spring after an autumnal outbreak | |
| (iii) During outbreaks | |
| During which weather conditions? | |
| (i) Lack of solar radiation | |
| (ii) Strong wind | |
| (iii) Rain and thunderstorms | |
| (iv) Cool temperature without heavy frost | |
| For how long? | |
| Until 4-5 days of daytime frost or snow | |
| For all grazing equids, but horses particularly at risk are | |
| (i) Young horses | |
| (ii) Horses with normal body condition | |
| (iii) Untrained horses | |
| Horse management | |
| (i) Regular deworming and vaccination | |
| (ii) Provide supplementary feeding | |
| (iii) Do not feed hay from the ground | |
| (iv) Provide water from the distribution network and in a tank or a bath | |
| (v) Regular exercise | |
| (vi) Stable horses or limit pasturing during the risky seasons (<6 H a day or weather-dependant pasturing) | |
| (vii) Provide a salt block | |
| Pasture management | |
| (i) Avoid spreading of manure on the pasture; prefer manual removal of faeces | |
| (ii) Avoid pastures where previous deaths have occurred | |
| (iii) Dead leaves and wood should be removed from the pasture and be burned | |
(iv) Ensure rotation of pastures and avoid (during the risky seasons) (1) sloping pastures, especially those with a steep slope,
(2) bare pastures, (3) humid pastures or pastures surrounded by or containing a stream or river, and (4) pastures surrounded by or containing trees | |
| (v) Provide general aspecific pasture treatment such as ploughing, sowing, mowing, and fertilizing | |
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