Polymer-Based Delivery of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 for the Treatment of Diabetes

Table 1

Classification of expression vector systems of GLP-1 or related mimetic gene with various polymer carriers.

Delivery carriers	Therapeutic material	Expression vector system	Characterizations	Applications	In vivo injection route	Glycemic effect period	Diabetes type	Ref
PEI	GLP-1	p𝛽-GLP-1	GLP-1 gene driven via chicken 𝛽-actin promoter/enhancer	In vitro and in vivo (ZDF rats)	i.v. (1x)	14 days	T2D	[29]
	GLP-1	pSIGLP-1/NFkB	Enhanced nuclear import by insertion of NFκB binding site	In vitro and in vivo (DIO mice)	i.v. (1x)	21 days	T2D	[30]
	GLP-1	TSTA-GLP-1	GLP-1 expressed by TSTA system	In vitro	—	—		[31]
ABP	GLP-1	TSTA-SP-GLP-1	GLP-1 gene driven by TSTA with SP using bioreducible polymer	In vitro	—	—		[33]
	Exendin-4	TSTA-SP-exendin-4	Exendin-4 gene delivery by TSTA with SP using bioreducible polymer	In vitro and in vivo (DIO mice)	i.v. (1x)	12 days	T2D	—
Chitosan	GLP-1	pVax1-GLP-1	Plasmid DNA TNC with GLP-1 expressed by CMV promoter	In vitro and in vivo (db/db mice)	i.m. or s.c. (7x)	23 or 29 days	T2D	[34]
Elctroporation	GLP-1	GLP-1-IgG-Fc/VRew	plasmid encoding active human GLP-1 and mouse IgG1 heavy chain constant regions (Fc)	In vivo (db/db mice)	i.m. (2x)	12 weeks	T2D	[35]

𝛽-actin: chicken beta-actin promoter.
NFκB: nuclear factor κB.
TSTA system: two-step transcription amplification system.
SP: secretion signal peptide.
TNC: therapeutic nanocomplex.
CMV: cytomegalovirus promoter.
i.v., i.m., or s.c.: intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection.
T2D: type 2 diabetes.