Abstract
Falls are one of the major problems for elderly people and proprioceptive exercises have been suggested as an alternative in rehabilitation and preventive programs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) exercise program on balance, knee extension and flexion isometric torque, and knee extension rate of force development (RFD). Fourteen older faller subjects (>60 years) were equally assigned into two groups: a control group (CG: ) and a training group (TG: ). The PNF training program was performed for 10 weeks on TG, with a frequency of three times per week. Patients were assessed before and after the PNF program, with respect to balance (Berg Balance Scale score—BBS), knee maximal isometric extension and flexion torque, knee extensor RFD, and knee extensors and flexors neuromuscular activation level and coactivation level around the knee. After 10 weeks, balance () and knee extension torque () were improved in TG while no differences were found for CG. These improvements were mainly attributed to central nervous system adaptations, since no differences were found for neuromuscular activation level and coactivation.
1. Introduction
Falls in elderly are associated to both mortality and morbidly increasing. Falls are also the major death cause in people aging over 85 years [1]. Many tools were used to discriminate people on fall risk in the past. However, the most used by its low cost is the Berg Balance Scale [2, 3]. According to Lajoie and Gallapher [3] scores lower than or equal to 46 on Berg Balance Scale (BBS) classify subjects as fallers with 93% of specificity.
Strength reduction is pointed as the major cause of falls in this population [4] and, therefore, maximal torque should be accessed on daily-life clinical tests. The center of mass or center of pressure dislocation and velocity are useful to discriminate subjects on fall risk [5]. However, these tests require expensive equipment and high advance knowledge. This problem is not observed on isometric contractions tests, where both the strength level and the quality of power production can be observed. This latter aspect had been studied by means of rate of force development [6–10].
Lower torque and power production on elderly fallers is associated with an increased coactivation around knee and ankle [1, 11]. Coactivation, defined as the simultaneous muscle contraction around a joint [12], had also being pointed as responsible to reduced walking speed and increase fall risk of elderly [13–15].
Beyond all exercise programs proposed to reduce fall risk in this population, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) technique is presented as an interesting choice, since, according to Lee and Kerrigan [15], exercise programs with objective to enhance balance on elderly should involve coordination and proprioception activities and not only strengthen exercises [8, 16]. During the PNF movement execution, muscles are briefly stretched before contraction, exciting neuromuscular endings which produce higher levels of force [17, 18]. Also, the movements in PNF are executed in diagonal pattern that is parallel to muscular topography, which reproduces physiological movements, as gait [17, 18]. It was also suggested that a higher balance between agonistic and antagonistic muscles activation is achieved after PNF exercises [17, 18] reducing coactivation. However, the effects of a PNF training program on fall risk in older people are still unknown.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a PNF exercise program on elderly on fall risk and to evaluate the neuromuscular and isometric performance response to this exercise program. As hypothesis, it is believed that both fall risk and isometric torque will be improved after training and that coactivation around knee will be reduced, since higher balance between agonistic and antagonistic muscles activation is achieved after PNF exercises.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Subjects
Older community subjects were personally invited to participate in this study. They were only evaluated after signing an informed consent approved by Local Ethics Committee. As inclusion criteria, all subjects should be older than 60 years, considered as inactive-score lower or equal than 9.4 at Modified Baecke Questionnaire for older people [19] and on fall risk score of 46 or less on Berg Balance Scale [3]. Exclusion criteria were the presence of any orthopedic, cardiovascular, vestibular, psychiatric, neurological, and any other condition that would not allow the execution of all study tasks. A total of 940 subjects were invited to participate; however, only 142 subjects proposed to be evaluated. After a healthy questionnaire and inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 16 women were able to perform all the proposed tasks and met the inclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned in two groups: a training group (TG) and a control group (CG). One patient in each group failed to complete the outcome measures and both were, therefore, excluded from the study (Figure 1).
2.2. Experimental Design
Volunteers on both groups were evaluated before (pre-) and after (post-) PNF program. At the first day, after the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) application [3], volunteers answered a physical activity level and a health questionnaire. If they were eligible to participate, they returned to the laboratory on a second day (within 48 hours from the first visit). After the PNF program, data collection was not conducted more than one week apart from the last training session.
2.3. Training Program
PNF exercise program consisted of three sessions per week for a period of ten weeks, and each session was not apart from one another more than two days. Each session lasted about 90 minutes whereas eight different movement patterns (Table 1) were used—they were executed on both limbs. The same physiotherapist (appropriately instructed) conducted all training sessions where maximal manual resistance were applied; the resistance progression trough the 10 weeks was carried out according to PNF principles [20]. Also, five different training stages adapted from Voss et al. [20] were conducted—(i) rhythmic initiation: patterns are executed in a progressive manner through passive, assisted and active movements (conducted in two initial sessions); (ii) dynamic reversion: patient moves limb isotonically through resistance following agonistic and antagonistic patterns (performed from third session to fifth training week: three series with five repetitions of each pattern, with one-minute rest interval between series and three minutes between movement patterns); (iii) isotonic combination: patient executes the agonistic movement, resist isometrically at the movement end and returns to initial position eccentrically (executed from the sixth to ninth week: two series with five repetition of each pattern, with one minute rest period between repetitions and two minutes between movements [17]; (iv) rhythmic stabilization: isometric contraction of agonist pattern followed by antagonist isometric contraction (executed on the ninth and tenth weeks, since it is the least effective technique [21]).
Stretching exercises were conducted immediately after the strengthen session on both limbs and were repeated from the second day until the last session. Contract-relax (weeks from one to five) and maintain-relax (weeks six to ten) techniques were used and all movement patterns described before were performed. Contract-relax stretch application began with the physiotherapist passively positioning the lower limb on the desired movement pattern in maximal stretching without pain (the position where an “end feel” was noted by the physiotherapist). When this position was attained, the subject was instructed to perform the antagonist movement pattern with maximal force against the physiotherapist manual restriction (a brief rotational movement was allowed). After five seconds, subject was instructed to completely relax the musculature while the physiotherapist passively moved the limb to a new maximal stretch position maintained for 15 seconds. The same procedures were adopted in maintain-relax; however, the physiotherapist did not allow any rotational movement on the contraction phase. The total stretching volume was composed by four series of 20 second for each movement pattern [22, 23].
The subjects in the CG continued their normal routine and were encouraged to maintain an active lifestyle. The examiner continued to maintain contact with the subjects during all study period.
2.4. Data Recording
Volunteers were positioned in a seated posture with hip and knees flexed at 90 degrees and ankle and spine in neutral position. A load cell (EMG System) was used to achieve the isometric knee extension and flexion torque, which were both fixed on the volunteer’s right ankle and on a metal bar positioned perpendicularly to ground. After three submaximal contractions (self-selected submaximal force level) to familiarization, and three knee extension and flexion (in a random order) maximal voluntary contractions were performed, with five seconds long and five minutes rest between them. Volunteers received instructions to perform the maximal strength as quickly as possible. Force data were collected using a sample rate of 1.000 Hz.
Circular passive bipolar Ag/AgCl electrodes with 1cm diameter of effective caption area were positioned over the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) after shaving, abrasion and skin cleaning according to the SENIAM standard recommendations. Muscle activity was recorded at 1.000 Hz with a four-channel telemetric system (Telemyo 900-Noraxon) with a 10 to 500 Hz bandwidth and 1.000x gain.
2.5. Data Processing
The analyses were conducted using specific algorithms developed in MatLab. All force and electromyography variables were achieved from the trial with maximal isometric force production (maximal voluntary contraction—MVC). Rates of force development (RFD) were determined as the slope between time and force (Δmoment/Δtime) over time intervals of 0–0.50, 0–0.10, and 0–0.20 seconds [10] relative to the force production onset (defined as 10% MVC [7, 9]).
The EMG root mean square was achieved from the second that presented the least variation in the load-cell data both at knee extension and flexion contractions. This one-second period was chosen by visual inspection and its location varied among the total five seconds period (i.e., in the first contraction, the one-second period chosen was 2.8-3.8 seconds and in the next contraction it was 1.5-2.5 seconds).
Coactivation Index (CCI) was determined according to the following formula [11, 14]: where BF is the BF EMG activity (RMS) and Exe is the knee extensor (VL, RF, and VM mean) EMG activity, both obtained during knee extension contraction.
2.6. Statistical Analyze
After distribution test (Shapiro-Wilk test) the following procedures were conducted on the Statistica 7.0 software: to determine groups influence on baseline anthropometric and baseline data a Student-t test for independent variables were used; to determine the PNF program effect on EMG, force data, and on each BBS activity and total score, paired t-tests were performed. A P value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
Both groups presented similar age ( and years for CG and TG), height ( and for CG and TG), and weight ( and for CG and TG) at baseline. Also, no differences were found on the physical activity level between groups before PNF program ( and for CG and TG—). No differences were also found between groups on the total BBS score at baseline; however, a significant training effect was found () between Before and after for TG (Table 2). The only activities that were different on After in comparison to Before for TG were the “standing to sitting,” “standing with feet together,” “reaching forward with outstretched arm,” and “standing with one foot in front” (), while no differences were observed for CG. Therefore, at After, all subjects on the TG achieved the maximal score on five of fourteen activities, while all volunteers on CG were successful to reach a perfect score just on two of fourteen activities (the same result as Before).
PNF program influenced in a positive way the maximal knee extensor torque for TG () while no differences were found for CG (Table 3). In the same way, no differences were found on knee flexor torque for both CG and TG after the program period (Table 3). No differences were also seen on rate of force development (Table 2) after the ten weeks period for TG and CG ().
Figures 2 and 3 present the VL, RF, VM, and BF neuromuscular activation level during knee extension and flexion contraction, respectively. No difference were observed for any muscles on both groups during knee isometric contractions (). As seen on activation level, no differences were observed after PNF program on the coactivation index around the knee for TG (Before: μV; After: μV). Also, the activation level in CG has not changed (Before: μV; After: μV).
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4. Discussion
The main result observed on results is that balance improved around 20% on training group after the PNF training, while no differences were found for CG after this period. However, another interesting finding was that both rate of force development and neuromuscular variables were not influenced by this program. Some explanations could be attributed to this lack of response to PNF program on these variables. (i) PNF does not result in adaptations on muscles fibers adaptations, as already found by others [17]. Hence, since rate of force development is direct related to muscle fibers composition [10] this result was not unexpected. (ii) the effect of training programs on rate of force development was attributed to neuromuscular adaptations, as the increase in the motor neuron recruitment level [10]. Since we found no EMG differences between before and after 10 weeks (Figures 2 and 3), this could explain our lack of results on RFD. This data is also in agreement with other studies, which have shown that elderly do not increase their RFD after strengthening training [8].
The lack of neuromuscular response to PNF program could be first attributed to the idea that test condition (isometric contraction on single plain) was not similar to exercises patterns (diagonal movements) and, therefore, results could not be observed due to training type specificity [24]. It could be speculated that pre- and post-evaluations should be performed on the same exercises movement patterns. However, the intention of this study was to simulate evaluations normally conducted on clinical day-life and these involve strength tests performed on single movement planes.
Beside the lack of neuromuscular variables response, knee extension strength was positively affected by PNF program. Coactivation reduction could be responsible to explain a strength increase without neuromuscular response [25]. However, as coactivation was also not influenced by PNF program (Table 3 and Figure 3), this last theory is unacceptable. According to Jesper [26], in some conditions, strength improvement can be attributed to supraspinal neural adaptations and not to peripheral paths, as normally seen. Therefore, since PNF exercises enhance proprioceptive response [17] and therefore promotes higher neural excitement level on cortex [27], the training characteristics seem to be responsible to explain the strength improvements observed on this study. However, this is only an assumption, since no evidences were investigated on this study to properly affirm that. Another explanation, obviously more plausible, is that our training program improved proprioception, which could explain both the improvement on balance and knee extension strength without neuromuscular response. However, we failed to investigate directly proprioceptive variables as the position sense.
However, our results let us to affirm that exercise programs involving limb movements which follow diagonal movement patterns, parallel to muscular topography and similar to that used on day-life activities can prepare subjects to respond in a more properly way to balance [26] disturbances. We can affirm that, since we found higher Berg Balance Scale scores on TG, without response on CG. This result is highly important to elderly, since they are more prone to falls episodes that can lead to an increase in mortality and financial expenses.
Hence, it is also suitable to affirm that PNF training program used in this study induce a response more related to an appropriate reaction to balance perturbation than to strength level improve. This is confirmed when PNF training response to individual tasks on Berg Balance Scale were accessed (Table 2). A higher performance after training was achieved on activities where balance were perturbed, as standing with feet together, standing with one foot in front and reaching forward with outstretched arm, both statistically different when comparing Before versus After (Table 2). However, when tasks that involve strength were analyzed, as sitting to standing or placing alternate foot on stool, no differences were found between Before versus After. Therefore, it is suggested that in future studies, the effect of PNF should be tested on dynamic conditions as gait. This is a clear study limitation. Also, the low number of subjects investigated in this study should be considered as a study limitation. We could not discard the Hawthorne effect and also it is not possible to affirm properly that PNF implies in higher effects than other exercises methods, since no comparisons were conducted. However, this was not the objective of this study and therefore it is suggested that future investigations consider this topic.
An expressive improvement on fall risk in elderly after a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program were seen in the present study, since volunteers presented a higher Berg Balance Scale performance and a higher knee extensor strength level after training. Also, proprioceptive integration or others central modulation processes and not peripheral adaptations are suggested to be responsible to such results, since no training effect were seen on both electromyographic variables and knee extensor rate of force development.
Acknowledgment
This paper is supported by Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo: FAPESP.