Performance Evaluation of a Low-Grade Low-Heat-Rejection Diesel Engine with Crude Pongamia oil

Table 4

The Variation of Volumetric Efficiency (VE) at The Peak Load With The Injection Timing and Injection Pressure In The Conventional and LHR Engines, at Different Operating Conditions of The Vegetable Oil.

		Volumetric efficiency (%)
Injection timing (°bTDC)	Test fuel	Conventional engine						LHR engine
		Injection pressure (bars)						Injection pressure (bars)
		190		230		270		190		230		270
		NT	PT	NT	PT	NT	PT	NT	PT	NT	PT	NT	PT
27	DF	85	—	86	—	87	—	78	—	80	—	82	—
	CPO	78.5	79.5	79.5	80.5	80.5	81.5	75.5	76.5	76.5	77.5	77.5	78.5
29	DF							78.5		80.5		82.5
	CPO	80	81	81	82	82	83	77	77.5	78.5	79.5	79.5	80.5
30	DF	86	—	87	—	88	—	76	—	77	—	78	—
	CPO	79	80	80	81	81	82	75	75.5	76	76.5	77	77.5
31	DF	87	—	87.5	—	89	—
	CPO	79.5	80.5	80.5	81.5	81.5	82.5	—	—	—	—	—	—
32	DF	87.5	—	88	—	87	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	CPO	79	80	80	81	81.5	82	—	—	—	—	—	—
33	DF	89	—	89	—	86	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

DF: diesel fuel, CPO: crude pongamia oil, NT: normal or room temperature, PT: preheat temperature.