Patterns and Predictors of Long-Term Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Characteristics of 4,852 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at baseline and last follow-up visit.

Characteristics	Mean (SE)		Difference (95% CI)
	Baseline	Last follow-up
Age (yr)	49.3 (0.17)	56.2 (0.19)	−7.1 (−7.25, −6.91)*
Age at diagnosis (yr)	44.3 (0.14)	—	—
Duration of diabetes (yr)	5.0 (0.08)	—	—
Follow-up duration (yr)	—	8.4 (0.06)	—
Number of follow-up visit	—	20.9 (0.27)	—
GHb change (%)	—	5.7 (0.36)	—
Weight (kg)	71.7 (0.18)	73.2 (0.18)	−1.5 (−1.69, −1.28)*
Height (cm)	159.4 (0.14)	—	—
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.2 (0.07)	28.8 (0.07)	−0.6 (−0.69, −0.52)*
Systolic BP (mmHg)	122.4 (0.26)	123.0 (0.28)	−0.6 (−1.11, 0.06)
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	75.0 (0.18)	77.4 (0.16)	−2.4 (−2.85, −2.01)*
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)	184.6 (1.02)	155.7 (0.87)	28.9 (26.57, 31.23)*
GHb (%)	8.7 (0.03)	7.9 (0.03)	0.8 (0.74, 0.87)*
Creatinine (𝜇M/L)	0.90 (0.009)	1.03 (0.007)	−0.13 (−0.15, −0.11)*
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	218.7 (2.19)	173.1 (1.53)	45.6 (41.58, 49.50)*
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	213.9 (0.71)	185.3 (0.60)	28.6 (27.17, 30.13)*
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	44.9 (0.22)	44.8 (0.23)	0.1 (−0.40, 0.54)
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	128.3 (0.84)	104.4 (0.64)	23.9 (22.08, 25.70)*
Gender %
Men	37.6	—	—
Women	62.4	—	—
Therapeutic regimen %
Diet	20.9	11.4	9.5 (8.06, 11.10)*
Oral agent	67.7	48.7	19.0 (17.1, 21.00)*
Insulin	8.3	13.8	−5.5 (−6.80, −4.24)*
Insulin and oral agent	3.1	26.1	−23.0 (−24.50, −21.70)*
Education %
Less than high school	58.7	—	—
High school	30.0	—	—
College graduate	11.3	—	—
Smoking %
Nonsmoker	90.4	—	—
Current smoker	9.6	—	—
Glycated hemoglobin %
<7%	25.4	35.6	−10.2 (−12.00, −8.28)*
7%–9.5%	43.4	46.4	−3.0 (−5.07, −0.10)*
>9.5%	31.2	18.0	13.2 (11.40, 14.90)*
Weight category %
Normal weight (BMI < 25.0 kg/m^2)	23.4	19.9	3.5 (1.79, 5.22)*
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m^2)	45.7	44.1	1.6 (−0.42, 3.72)
Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m^2)	30.9	36.0	−5.1 (−7.12, −3.19)*

^∗𝑃<0.00, CI: confidence interval.