| Characteristics | Mean (SE) |
Difference (95% CI) | Baseline | Last follow-up |
| Age (yr) | 49.3 (0.17) | 56.2 (0.19) | −7.1 (−7.25, −6.91)* | Age at diagnosis (yr) | 44.3 (0.14) | — | — | Duration of diabetes (yr) | 5.0 (0.08) | — | — | Follow-up duration (yr) | — | 8.4 (0.06) | — | Number of follow-up visit | — | 20.9 (0.27) | — | GHb change (%) |
— | 5.7 (0.36) | — | Weight (kg) | 71.7 (0.18) | 73.2 (0.18) | −1.5 (−1.69, −1.28)* | Height (cm) | 159.4 (0.14) | — | — | BMI (kg/m2) | 28.2 (0.07) | 28.8 (0.07) | −0.6 (−0.69, −0.52)* | Systolic BP (mmHg) | 122.4 (0.26) | 123.0 (0.28) | −0.6 (−1.11, 0.06) | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.0 (0.18) | 77.4 (0.16) | −2.4 (−2.85, −2.01)* | Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 184.6 (1.02) | 155.7 (0.87) | 28.9 (26.57, 31.23)* | GHb (%) | 8.7 (0.03) | 7.9 (0.03) | 0.8 (0.74, 0.87)* | Creatinine (M/L) | 0.90 (0.009) | 1.03 (0.007) | −0.13 (−0.15, −0.11)* | Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 218.7 (2.19) | 173.1 (1.53) | 45.6 (41.58, 49.50)* | Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 213.9 (0.71) | 185.3 (0.60) | 28.6 (27.17, 30.13)* | High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 44.9 (0.22) | 44.8 (0.23) | 0.1 (−0.40, 0.54) | Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 128.3 (0.84) | 104.4 (0.64) | 23.9 (22.08, 25.70)* | Gender % | | | | Men | 37.6 | — | — | Women | 62.4 | — | — | Therapeutic regimen % | | | | Diet | 20.9 | 11.4 | 9.5 (8.06, 11.10)* | Oral agent | 67.7 | 48.7 | 19.0 (17.1, 21.00)* | Insulin | 8.3 | 13.8 | −5.5 (−6.80, −4.24)* | Insulin and oral agent | 3.1 | 26.1 | −23.0 (−24.50, −21.70)* | Education % | | | | Less than high school | 58.7 | — | — | High school | 30.0 | — | — | College graduate | 11.3 | — | — | Smoking % | | | | Nonsmoker | 90.4 | — | — | Current smoker | 9.6 | — | — | Glycated hemoglobin % | | | | <7% | 25.4 | 35.6 | −10.2 (−12.00, −8.28)* | 7%–9.5% | 43.4 | 46.4 | −3.0 (−5.07, −0.10)* | >9.5% | 31.2 | 18.0 | 13.2 (11.40, 14.90)* | Weight category % | | | | Normal weight (BMI < 25.0 kg/m2) | 23.4 | 19.9 | 3.5 (1.79, 5.22)* | Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) | 45.7 | 44.1 | 1.6 (−0.42, 3.72) | Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) | 30.9 | 36.0 | −5.1 (−7.12, −3.19)* |
|
|