Patterns and Predictors of Long-Term Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 2
Age-adjusted comparison of baseline variables by glycemic control group in 4,852 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Characteristics
Mean (SE)
GHb < 7.0%
GHb 7.0%–9.5%
GHb ≥ 9.5%
Number (%)
1164 (25.4)
1988 (43.4)
1430 (31.2)
Age (yr)
49.5 (0.24)
49.3 (0.21)
48.7 (0.33)
follow-up (yr)
7.6 (0.10)
8.8 (0.09)
9.1 (0.15)***
Number of follow-up visit
19.9 (0.44)
22.7 (0.38)
18.3 (0.62)***
Duration of diabetes (year)
4.2 (0.12)
5.3 (0.10)
5.7 (0.17)***
Weight (kg)
72.3 (0.30)
71.4 (0.27)
71.0 (0.43)*
Height (cm)
159.9 (0.23)
159.1 (0.20)
159.2 (0.32)*
BMI (kg/m2)
28.3 (0.11)
28.2 (0.10)
28.1 (0.16)
Systolic BP (mmHg)
121.6 (0.41)
122.7 (0.36)
123.2 (0.57)*
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
74.5 (0.30)
75.2 (0.26)
75.4 (0.43)
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)
167.1 (1.66)
187.1 (1.46)
213.1 (2.34)***
GHb (%)
7.7 (0.05)
8.9 (0.05)
10.2 (0.07)***
Creatinine (M/L)
0.91 (0.02)
0.90 (0.01)
0.90 (0.02)
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
209.4 (3.67)
219.7 (3.20)
234.8 (5.15)***
Cholesterol (mg/dL)
209.6 (1.19)
214.8 (1.04)
220.1 (1.67)***
GHb change (%)
−11.6 (0.60)
4.1 (0.46)
22.0 (0.54)***
HDL (mg/dL)
44.7 (0.37)
45.0 (0.32)
45.2 (0.60)
LDL (mg/dL)
125.0 (1.37)
129.8 (1.20)
132.0 (2.28)**
Gender %
Men
39.9
36.3
36.8
Women
60.1
63.7
63.2
Therapeutic regimen %
Diet
28.2
17.7
15.0***
Oral agent
64.6
69.8
68.4***
Insulin
7.2
12.4
16.6***
Education %
Less than high school
51.7
61.8
64.9***
High school
32.3
28.2
29.9***
College graduate
16.0
10.0
5.2***
Smokers %
9.1
9.9
9.9
Weight category %
Normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2)
21.8
23.0
26.9*
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2)
48.1
45.7
41.1*
Obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2)
30.1
31.3
32.0*
Age-adjusted means were calculated using general linear models. Comparison across all three groups. *, **, ***, CI: confidence interval; GHb: glycated hemoglobin.