What Have We Learned about the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis from TNF-Targeted Therapy?

Table 1

Cytokine	Expression
	mRNA	Protein
Proinflammatory
IL-1𝛼,𝛽	+	+
TNF	+	+
Lymphotoxin	+	±
IL-6	+	+
GM-CSF	+	+
M-CSF	+	+
LIF	+	+
Oncostatin M	+	+
IL-12	+	+
IL-15	+	+
IFN𝛼,𝛽	+	+
IFN𝛾	+	±
IL-17	+	+
IL-18	+	+
Immunoregulatory
IL-2	+	±
IL-4	±	−
IL-10	+	+
IL-11	+	+
IL-13	+	+
TGF𝛽	+	+
Chemokines
IL-8	+	+
Gro 𝛼	+	+
MIP-1	+	+
MCP-1	+	+
ENA-78	+	+
RANTES	+	+
Growth factors
FGF	+	+
PDGF	+	+
VEGF	+	+

Cytokines expressed in synovial tissue from patients with RA. Adapted from [55].